ap biology photosynthesis free response questions

Excel at Science

• Feb 16, 2021

AP Biology Past FRQs by Topic

Updated: Jan 31

**Updated on 1/31/24 to include the 2022-23 FRQ exams!**

If you are looking for past AP Biology free-response questions (FRQs) that are organized by topic, then you have come to the right place. In this post, we have linked every freely available past FRQ there is from College Board and organized it into the following major topics of AP Biology .

(Please note that we are not associated with College Board and are simply sharing the resources they have made available to students.)

Biochemistry

Metabolism & energetics.

Physiology (note that this topic will not be tested on the official AP Biology exam this year in 2021, although many questions about physiology could also cover concepts that will be tested)

Experiment design & data analysis

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Intensively doing and reviewing practice questions is proven to be much more effective than spending hours studying. Check out our AP Bio Practice Portal , which is an easy-to-use database of 300+ AP-style MCQ and FRQ practice questions. Students love the Practice Portal because it includes answers and explanations for every problem, tracks progress, and saves time from Googling practice problems.

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How to make the most of past frqs from college board.

As noted above, the diversity of organisms, plants, and physiology will not be on the 2021 AP Biology exam. However, the exam could include questions about topics or hypothetical situations that are related to those topics. One great example is cell communication, which is used in multiple systems inside our bodies. Let’s say an FRQ was to appear about the immune system and how the immune cells communicate. That would be fair game as long as the question focuses on the cell signaling part, not the details of the immune system. If the question requires some background knowledge about the immune system, it will be provided.

If you want to do a whole practice FRQ set just like the ones on the real exam (which we highly recommend), all the freely available past FRQs by year are available here on the College Board website. Tip: time yourself and take the practice FRQ set in an environment that mimics how you imagine your actual testing environment to be.

If you would like to focus on a particular topic, then the section coming up is for you. Some FRQs will show up under multiple topics because they truly do test students’ understanding of multiple different topics.

Tip : Whether you are doing individual free-response questions or doing a full problem set in one go, it is extremely important and effective to do test corrections! Don’t only consult the scoring guidelines and model responses when you have no clue how to answer a question. You should be checking them for all the FRQs you do. When you find a difference between your answer and the scoring guidelines, it is important that you pause and analyze why your response is incorrect. Take the time to understand your mistakes and see how your answer could have been better. This will help you boost your scores the most efficiently.

AP BIOLOGY FRQs BY TOPIC

Below are the linked FRQs organized by topic. The header for each topic will also lead you to the corresponding study guide that will help you review the unit in detail!

Basic and organic chemistry concepts do not come up often on the FRQs (but of course, it’s better to be prepared). The properties of water and macromolecules come up occasionally.

2017 #7 and 8

Includes cell structure and function, cell transport and the proteins involved.

2019 #3 and 8

2018 #2, 6, and 8

2006 #1, 3, and 4

2001 #1 and 4

(study guide coming soon!)

This unit includes enzymes, cellular respiration, and photosynthesis.

2023 #2 (cell respiration & photosynthesis)

2023 #4 (photosynthesis)

2022 #3 (enzymes)

2021 #3 (cell respiration)

2019 #3 (cell respiration)

2018 #2 (cell respiration)

2017 #7 (cell respiration)

2017 #5 (photosynthesis)

2015 #2 (cell respiration)

2013 #2 (photosynthesis) and 4 (cell respiration & photosynthesis)

2012 #2 (cell respiration) and 4 (cell respiration & photosynthesis)

2010 #2 (enzymes)

2007 #3 (photosynthesis)

2006 #4 (photosynthesis)

2005 #1 (cell respiration & photosynthesis)

2004 #3 (photosynthesis)

Cell cycle & cell signaling

This topic has shown up more frequently and in more difficult FRQs in recent years, especially cell communication. The trend will most likely continue so definitely prioritize reviewing and practicing this topic!

2023 #1 (cell communication)

2022 #1 (cell communication)

2022 #2 (cell cycle, meiosis)

2021 #1 (cell communication)

2019 #4 (cell communication)

2018 #8 (cell communication)

2017 #8 (cell communication)

2016 # 7 (cell division)

2015 # 4 (cell division)

2015 #5 and 7 (cell communication)

2013 #8 (cell communication)

2011 #1B (cell division)

2010 #1 (cell communication)

2006 #1B (cell division)

2004 #1 (cell division)

Genetics, Gene Expression and Regulation

Genetics Pt 1 and Genetics Pt 2 Study Guides

This section includes the classic Mendelian genetics, with Punnett squares, crosses, and Mendel’s laws. It also includes DNA replication, protein synthesis, and gene expression regulation for both eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

2023 #6 (gene expression)

2022 #6 (protein synthesis, gene expression)

2021 #6 (gene expression)

2021 #2 (heredity + pedigrees)

2020 #1 parts a-b

2019 #1 and 3

2018 #1, 4, and 7

2016 #4 and 7

2023 #5 (Cladistics)

2022 #4 (speciation)

2020 #1 parts f-j

2015 #3 and 6

2014 #2 and 4

2015 #2 (nervous system)

2014 #2 (immune system) and 6 (musculoskeletal system) and 7

2017 #2, 4, and 7b

2016 #3 and 5

2014 #3 and 4

Experimental design & analysis

This is an additional section that isn’t focused on any particular topic or has significant data analysis involved. While most FRQs do pertain to a specific topic(s), some are simply there to test your knowledge of experimental design and understanding of statistical concepts such as performing Chi-Square tests and interpreting error bars on graphs. These types of questions have become more and more common on the AP exam, so it is important to feel comfortable and confident with them.

2023 #6 (data analysis)

2022 #3 (experiment design)

2020 #1 parts c-e

2016 #2 , 6 and 8

2014 #1 and 5

2013 #1 and 7

Hope these organized FRQs saved you some time so you can focus more on actually doing them and practicing! You can easily share this post with friends who may find it helpful as well.

How to Improve AP Biology FRQ Scores, Fast

Do a lot of FRQ practice problems and review the answers! Practice is key, especially for a subject as dense as AP Bio. Check out the AP Bio Practice Portal , which is our popular vault of 300+ AP-style MCQ and FRQ problem sets with answers and explanations for every question. Don't waste any more time Googling practice problems or answers - try it out now!

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Related Quizzes:

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Quiz: Photosynthesis (AP Biology)

1. Which of the following occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast? light dependent reaction electron transport chain calvin cycle photolysis

2. The oxygen produced in photosynthesis comes from what molecule? glucose water P680 ATP

3. The photosynthetic process used by some plants to survive in a hot dry climate, like the desert? C4 Photosynthesis C3 Photosynthesis Noncyclic photophosphorylation Carbon fixation

4. Which of the following is NOT a produce of the light dependent reaction? Oxygen ATP NADPH Sugar

5. Which of the following i the source of the carbon in sugar produced during photosynthesis? carbon dioxide water rubisco ATP

6. Which of the following is the main difference between cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation? they use different electron acceptors Only photosystem I is used during the cyclic process noncyclic photophosphorylation occurs in the stroma noncyclic photophosphorylation does not produce ATP

7. Carbon fixation is catalyzed by what enzyme? P700 NADPH phosphoglycerate rubisco

8. The calvin cycle requires each of the following inputs EXCEPT: ATP NADPH O2 CO2

9. In the light dependent reactions, when light strikes the pigments (P700 or P680) what is the immediate result? excited electrons are passed to electron acceptors electrons are fused to form ATP glucose is produced carbon fixation occurs

10. In the calvin cycle, more ATP than NADPH is used, how is this difference made up? the cyclic pathway creates more ATP the calvin cycle occurs half as often as the light dependent reaction additional ATP is created from glucose excess NADPH is reused in the light reaction

Score = Correct answers:

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AP Biology | Practice Exams | Free Response | Notes | Videos |  Study Guides

AP Biology Practice Tests

The AP Biology Exam is 3 hours long and is divided into two sections: Section I (multiple-choice questions) and Section II (free-response questions).

The AP biology exam assesses content from each of four big ideas for the course:

1. Evolution 2. Energetics 3. Information Storage and Transmission 4. Systems Interactions

• How to Approach AP Biology Multiple-Choice Questions
• How to Approach AP Biology Free-Response Questions

The details of the AP biology exam, including exam weighting and timing, can be found below:

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AP Biology Multiple-Choice Practice Tests

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AP Biology Free-Response Practice Questions

Long free-response practice question.

Cellular respiration is a process that occurs in many organisms. The rate of cellular respiration can be  measured using several different methods.

(A) Design a specific experiment to measure the rate of cellular respiration in an organism of your choice. Identify, isolate, and test one experimental variable in your experiment. Identify any variables that you must control, and explain the apparatus that you will use to measure the cellular respiration.

(B) Construct a graph to report your results, and graph the results that you would expect in your experiment.

(C) Explain the significance of your results.

Example Answer

You should immediately realize that this is a question about cellular respiration. You should draw on your knowledge of this topic to answer the question. Use the organism that you used when completing this lab (commonly germinating peas).

(A) Key points to include: the organism you chose, clear identification of the experimental variable, clear explanation for the variables that you must control, an explanation of the apparatus that you will use to measure the cellular respiration

Here is a possible response:

Cellular respiration can most easily be measured by consumption of O 2 or by the production of CO 2 . In this experiment, the volume of O 2 consumed by germinating peas will be measured. The experiment will test peas that have been germinating one day vs. peas that have been germinating for three days. Therefore, the number of days the peas have been germinating will be my experimental variable. I will use an apparatus called a respirometer to measure the amount of O 2 consumed. This device will be submerged underwater with a pipette attached to the end. I will be able to measure the amount of water drawn into the pipette by comparing where the water mark begins and where it ends. I will eliminate the production of CO 2 as a variable by using potassium hydroxide (KOH) to fix CO 2 into a solid form: potassium carbonate (K 2 CO 3 ). KOH will be added to an absorbent cotton ball and placed on the bottom of the respirometer with a non-absorbent cotton ball in between, so the KOH will not interfere with the experiment. Because volume must be controlled, I will use glass beads to control the volume differences between the two germinating pea samples.

I will place each respirometer in the same tub of water to control temperature between the two germinating pea samples.

Hypothesis: Measuring cellular respiration for 30 minutes at intervals of 10 minutes at a time will demonstrate that peas that have been germinating for three days will consume more oxygen through cellular respiration than peas that have been germinating one day.

Procedure: I will place 20 peas that have been germinating for one day in one respirometer and 20 peas that have been germinating for three days in another respirometer. After a 10-minute equilibration period, I will begin to measure the amount of oxygen consumed at 10-minute intervals for 30 minutes. I will record results measured by the graduated intervals on the pipette attached to the respirometer.

(B) Key points to include: labels on each axis, regular intervals on the graph, a specific title on the graph, points plotted on the graph, and a line connecting the appropriate points. If there is more than one plot on the graph, you should use a dotted line for one line and a solid line for the other. Alternatively, you can simply write a short phrase above each line for identification.

Here is a sample graph:

(C) Key points to include: clear explanation of the graph and clear explanation of the significance of the results

The graph shows that peas that have been germinating for three days consume more oxygen during a 30-minute period than peas that have been germinating for one day. The peas that have only been germinating for one day are not as well developed. Therefore, these peas are not undergoing as much cellular respiration as the more developed peas that have been germinating for three days.

Short Free-Response Practice Question 1

All living organisms contain genetic information that provides several functions inherent to the individual organism and the perpetuation of its species. Discuss how the nature of genetic material both perpetuates the identity of an individual and provides for high biodiversity.

Key points to include: genes, base pairs, replication, proteins, diversity

DNA is composed of only four different base pairs, and there is only one different base pair, uracil instead of thymine, in RNA. This has created a very simple system for duplication. When a cell replicates its DNA during mitosis, it simply unzips the double helix and adds nucleic acids along its length until a duplicate set of complementary strands is created. The base pairs bond with hydrogen bonds, with cytosine bonding to guanine and adenine bonding to thymine. DNA molecules are very long, but because the code only involves four different base pairs, it can easily be duplicated. The DNA strands are actually copied in small segments and linked together to form an entire strand.

Although there are only four different base pairs, the longer the strand gets, the more combinations of base pairs can be created. These long series of base pairs code for longer and more complex proteins that can differ in minor or very significant ways. For example, sickle cell anemia is caused by only one base pair difference in the genetic code for hemoglobin, but this base pair causes an incredible difference in the function of the protein. The high number of potential combinations from only four base pairs and the impact of small changes in the sequence of base pairs contributes to the diversity of proteins in an organism. This diversity of proteins contributes to the diversity of organisms that exist because physiological function is essentially protein driven. In essence, long and diverse code leads to diverse proteins, which leads to diverse organisms.

In a long-term project studying the interactions of several species of animals on an isolated island, scientists counted the number of individuals of each species visiting a site on the island over the course of several days, every summer for 100 years. The results from that study are shown in the following graph.

Key points to include: predation, carrying capacity, mutualism

In the year 2000, Species A is effectively out of the picture, Species B is increased, and Species C is in slight decline. It is possible that Species B and C are predators of Species A, causing its virtual extinction in the ecosystem over the last 60 years. It is also possible that Species B is a predator of Species C and the expansion of Species B’s population  has resulted in a decline in the population in Species C. Alternatively, the slight decline in Species C over the previous 30 years could mean that it has reached its carrying capacity.

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Photosynthesis

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Photosynthesis AP Bio

19 questions

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• 1. Multiple Choice Edit 30 seconds 1 pt Green plants reflect ________ light. Red Green All Red and Violet
• 2. Multiple Choice Edit 30 seconds 1 pt The light reactions occur in the ________ and the dark reactions take place in the ________. Chloroplast / thylakoid membrane stroma / thylakoid mesophyl / stomata thylakoid membrane / stroma
• 5. Multiple Choice Edit 30 seconds 1 pt Where does the carbon come from that is used to form glucose? The soil CO 2 in the air From other carbohydrates Calvin Cycle
• 6. Multiple Choice Edit 30 seconds 1 pt Where is glucose synthesized Photosystem II Photosystem I Calvin Cycle Glycolysis
• 7. Multiple Choice Edit 1 minute 1 pt Organisms, such as plants, that make their own food are called autotrophs heterotrophs. thylakoids. pigments.
• 8. Multiple Choice Edit 1 minute 1 pt Energy is released from ATP when a phosphate group is added. adenine bonds to ribose. ATP is exposed to sunlight. a phosphate group is removed.
• 9. Multiple Choice Edit 1 minute 1 pt Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen. high-energy sugars and starches. ATP and oxygen. oxygen and high-energy sugars and starches.
• 10. Multiple Choice Edit 1 minute 1 pt Most plants appear green because chlorophyll does not absorb green light. reflects violet light. absorbs green light. none of the answers
• 11. Multiple Choice Edit 2 minutes 1 pt In which eukaryotic organelles does photosynthesis occur? mitochondria stomata xylem chloroplast
• 12. Multiple Choice Edit 2 minutes 1 pt What are the products of photosynthesis? Carbon dioxide and water Carbon dioxide and oxygen Glucose and oxygen Glucose and water
• 13. Multiple Choice Edit 2 minutes 1 pt What pigment absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis? chloroplast thylakoid grana chlorophyll
• 14. Multiple Choice Edit 2 minutes 1 pt Which gas is removed from the atmosphere during photosynthesis? hydrogen oxygen nitrogen carbon dioxide
• 15. Multiple Choice Edit 2 minutes 1 pt Which of the following is the correct equation for PHOTOSYNTHESIS? 6CO 2  + 6H 2 O --> 6O 2  + C 6 H 12 O 6 6CO 2  + C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6H 2 O --> O 2  6O 2  + 6H 2 O --> 6CO 2  + C 6 H 12 O 6 C 6 H 12 O 6   + 6O 2  ---> 6H 2 O + 6CO 2  
• 17. Multiple Choice Edit 2 minutes 1 pt Which of the following best describes photosynthesis? Photosynthesis converts radiant energy into chemical energy. Photosynthesis produces carbohydrates. Plants need sunlight, carbon dioxide, water, nutrients, and chlorophyll to complete photosynthesis. Plants use chlorophyll, water, and carbon dioxide to make sugar.
• 18. Multiple Choice Edit 30 seconds 1 pt Which of the following are correctly paired oxidation/reduction reactions from photosynthesis? H20 reduced--> O2 NADP+ oxidized --> NADPH H20 Oxidized--> O2 NADP+ reduced--> NADPH H20 reduced--> O2 NADPH oxidized --> NADP+ H20 oxidized--> O2 NADPH reduced--> NADP+
• 19. Multiple Choice Edit 30 seconds 1 pt Which of the following are correctly paired oxidation/reduction reactions from photosynthesis? NADPH oxidized to NADP+ CO2 reduced to glucose NADP+ oxidized to NADPH CO2 reduced to glucose NADPH reduced to NADP+ CO2 oxidized to glucose NADP+ reduced to NADPH CO2 oxidized to glucose

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