homework 3 2 graphing logs and exponents

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• Order of operations
• Evaluating expressions
• Simplifying algebraic expressions
• Multi-step equations
• Work word problems
• Distance-rate-time word problems
• Mixture word problems
• Absolute value equations
• Multi-step inequalities
• Compound inequalities
• Absolute value inequalities
• Discrete relations
• Continuous relations
• Evaluating and graphing functions
• Review of linear equations
• Graphing absolute value functions
• Graphing linear inequalities
• Direct and inverse variation
• Systems of two linear inequalities
• Systems of two equations
• Systems of two equations, word problems
• Points in three dimensions
• Systems of three equations, elimination
• Systems of three equations, substitution
• Basic matrix operations
• Matrix multiplication
• All matrix operations combined
• Matrix inverses
• Geometric transformations with matrices
• Operations with complex numbers
• Properties of complex numbers
• Rationalizing imaginary denominators
• Properties of parabolas
• Vertex form
• Graphing quadratic inequalities
• Factoring quadratic expressions
• Solving quadratic equations w/ square roots
• Solving quadratic equations by factoring
• Completing the square
• Solving equations by completing the square
• Solving equations with the quadratic formula
• The discriminant
• Naming and simple operations
• Factoring a sum/difference of cubes
• Factoring by grouping
• Factoring quadratic form
• Factoring using all techniques
• Factors and Zeros
• The Remainder Theorem
• Irrational and Imaginary Root Theorems
• Descartes' Rule of Signs
• More on factors, zeros, and dividing
• The Rational Root Theorem
• Polynomial equations
• Basic shape of graphs of polynomials
• Graphing polynomial functions
• The Binomial Theorem
• Evaluating functions
• Function operations
• Inverse functions
• Simplifying radicals
• Operations with radical expressions
• Dividing radical expressions
• Radicals and rational exponents
• Simplifying rational exponents
• Square root equations
• Rational exponent equations
• Graphing radicals
• Graphing & properties of parabolas
• Equations of parabolas
• Graphing & properties of circles
• Equations of circles
• Graphing & properties of ellipses
• Equations of ellipses
• Graphing & properties of hyperbolas
• Equations of hyperbolas
• Classifying conic sections
• Eccentricity
• Systems of quadratic equations
• Graphing simple rational functions
• Graphing general rational functions
• Simplifying rational expressions
• Multiplying / dividing rational expressions
• Adding / subtracting rational expressions
• Complex fractions
• Solving rational equations
• The meaning of logarithms
• Properties of logarithms
• The change of base formula
• Writing logs in terms of others
• Logarithmic equations
• Inverse functions and logarithms
• Exponential equations not requiring logarithms
• Exponential equations requiring logarithms
• Graphing logarithms
• Graphing exponential functions
• Discrete exponential growth and decay word problems
• Continuous exponential growth and decay word problems
• General sequences
• Arithmetic sequences
• Geometric sequences
• Comparing Arithmetic/Geometric Sequences
• General series
• Arithmetic series
• Arithmetic/Geometric Means w/ Sequences
• Finite geometric series
• Infinite geometric series
• Right triangle trig: Evaluating ratios
• Right triangle trig: Missing sides/angles
• Angles and angle measure
• Co-terminal angles and reference angles
• Arc length and sector area
• Trig ratios of general angles
• Exact trig ratios of important angles
• The Law of Sines
• The Law of Cosines
• Graphing trig functions
• Translating trig functions
• Angle Sum/Difference Identities
• Double-/Half-Angle Identities
• Sample spaces and The Counting Principle
• Independent and dependent events
• Mutualy exclusive events
• Permutations
• Combinations
• Permutations vs combinations
• Probability using permutations and combinations

10.3 Evaluate and Graph Logarithmic Functions

Learning objectives.

By the end of this section, you will be able to:

• Convert between exponential and logarithmic form
• Evaluate logarithmic functions
• Graph Logarithmic functions
• Solve logarithmic equations
• Use logarithmic models in applications

Be Prepared 10.7

Before you get started, take this readiness quiz.

Solve: x 2 = 81 . x 2 = 81 . If you missed this problem, review Example 6.46 .

Be Prepared 10.8

Evaluate: 3 −2 . 3 −2 . If you missed this problem, review Example 5.15 .

Be Prepared 10.9

Solve: 2 4 = 3 x − 5 . 2 4 = 3 x − 5 . If you missed this problem, review Example 2.2 .

We have spent some time finding the inverse of many functions. It works well to ‘undo’ an operation with another operation. Subtracting ‘undoes’ addition, multiplication ‘undoes’ division, taking the square root ‘undoes’ squaring.

As we studied the exponential function, we saw that it is one-to-one as its graphs pass the horizontal line test. This means an exponential function does have an inverse. If we try our algebraic method for finding an inverse, we run into a problem.

Rewrite with y = f ( x ) . Interchange the variables x and y . f ( x ) = a x y = a x x = a y Solve for y . Oops! We have no way to solve for y ! Rewrite with y = f ( x ) . Interchange the variables x and y . f ( x ) = a x y = a x x = a y Solve for y . Oops! We have no way to solve for y !

To deal with this we define the logarithm function with base a to be the inverse of the exponential function f ( x ) = a x . f ( x ) = a x . We use the notation f −1 ( x ) = log a x f −1 ( x ) = log a x and say the inverse function of the exponential function is the logarithmic function.

Logarithmic Function

The function f ( x ) = log a x f ( x ) = log a x is the logarithmic function with base a a , where a > 0 , a > 0 , x > 0 , x > 0 , and a ≠ 1 . a ≠ 1 .

Convert Between Exponential and Logarithmic Form

Since the equations y = log a x y = log a x and x = a y x = a y are equivalent, we can go back and forth between them. This will often be the method to solve some exponential and logarithmic equations. To help with converting back and forth let’s take a close look at the equations. See Figure 10.3 . Notice the positions of the exponent and base.

If we realize the logarithm is the exponent it makes the conversion easier. You may want to repeat, “base to the exponent give us the number.”

Example 10.18

Convert to logarithmic form: ⓐ 2 3 = 8 , 2 3 = 8 , ⓑ 5 1 2 = 5 , 5 1 2 = 5 , and ⓒ ( 1 2 ) 4 = 1 16 . ( 1 2 ) 4 = 1 16 .

Try It 10.35

Convert to logarithmic form: ⓐ 3 2 = 9 3 2 = 9 ⓑ 7 1 2 = 7 7 1 2 = 7 ⓒ ( 1 3 ) x = 1 27 ( 1 3 ) x = 1 27

Try It 10.36

Convert to logarithmic form: ⓐ 4 3 = 64 4 3 = 64 ⓑ 4 1 3 = 4 3 4 1 3 = 4 3 ⓒ ( 1 2 ) x = 1 32 ( 1 2 ) x = 1 32

In the next example we do the reverse—convert logarithmic form to exponential form.

Example 10.19

Convert to exponential form: ⓐ 2 = log 8 64 , 2 = log 8 64 , ⓑ 0 = log 4 1 , 0 = log 4 1 , and ⓒ − 3 = log 10 1 1000 . − 3 = log 10 1 1000 .

Try It 10.37

Convert to exponential form: ⓐ 3 = log 4 64 3 = log 4 64 ⓑ 0 = log x 1 0 = log x 1 ⓒ −2 = log 10 1 100 −2 = log 10 1 100

Try It 10.38

Convert to exponential form: ⓐ 3 = log 3 27 3 = log 3 27 ⓑ 0 = log 3 1 0 = log 3 1 ⓒ −1 = log 10 1 10 −1 = log 10 1 10

Evaluate Logarithmic Functions

We can solve and evaluate logarithmic equations by using the technique of converting the equation to its equivalent exponential equation.

Example 10.20

Find the value of x : ⓐ log x 36 = 2 , log x 36 = 2 , ⓑ log 4 x = 3 , log 4 x = 3 , and ⓒ log 1 2 1 8 = x . log 1 2 1 8 = x .

Try It 10.39

Find the value of x : x : ⓐ log x 64 = 2 log x 64 = 2 ⓑ log 5 x = 3 log 5 x = 3 ⓒ log 1 2 1 4 = x log 1 2 1 4 = x

Try It 10.40

Find the value of x : x : ⓐ log x 81 = 2 log x 81 = 2 ⓑ log 3 x = 5 log 3 x = 5 ⓒ log 1 3 1 27 = x log 1 3 1 27 = x

When see an expression such as log 3 27 , log 3 27 , we can find its exact value two ways. By inspection we realize it means “ 3 “ 3 to what power will be 27 ” ? 27 ” ? Since 3 3 = 27 , 3 3 = 27 , we know log 3 27 = 3 . log 3 27 = 3 . An alternate way is to set the expression equal to x x and then convert it into an exponential equation.

Example 10.21

Find the exact value of each logarithm without using a calculator: ⓐ log 5 25 , log 5 25 , ⓑ log 9 3 , log 9 3 , and ⓒ log 2 1 16 . log 2 1 16 .

Try It 10.41

Find the exact value of each logarithm without using a calculator: ⓐ log 12 144 log 12 144 ⓑ log 4 2 log 4 2 ⓒ log 2 1 32 log 2 1 32

Try It 10.42

Find the exact value of each logarithm without using a calculator: ⓐ log 9 81 log 9 81 ⓑ log 8 2 log 8 2 ⓒ log 3 1 9 log 3 1 9

Graph Logarithmic Functions

To graph a logarithmic function y = log a x , y = log a x , it is easiest to convert the equation to its exponential form, x = a y . x = a y . Generally, when we look for ordered pairs for the graph of a function, we usually choose an x -value and then determine its corresponding y -value. In this case you may find it easier to choose y -values and then determine its corresponding x -value.

Example 10.22

Graph y = log 2 x . y = log 2 x .

To graph the function, we will first rewrite the logarithmic equation, y = log 2 x , y = log 2 x , in exponential form, 2 y = x . 2 y = x .

We will use point plotting to graph the function. It will be easier to start with values of y and then get x .

Try It 10.43

Graph: y = log 3 x . y = log 3 x .

Try It 10.44

Graph: y = log 5 x . y = log 5 x .

The graphs of y = log 2 x , y = log 2 x , y = log 3 x , y = log 3 x , and y = log 5 x y = log 5 x are the shape we expect from a logarithmic function where a > 1 . a > 1 .

We notice that for each function the graph contains the point ( 1 , 0 ) . ( 1 , 0 ) . This make sense because 0 = log a 1 0 = log a 1 means a 0 = 1 a 0 = 1 which is true for any a .

The graph of each function, also contains the point ( a , 1 ) . ( a , 1 ) . This makes sense as 1 = log a a 1 = log a a means a 1 = a . a 1 = a . which is true for any a .

Notice too, the graph of each function y = log a x y = log a x also contains the point ( 1 a , −1 ) . ( 1 a , −1 ) . This makes sense as −1 = log a 1 a −1 = log a 1 a means a −1 = 1 a , a −1 = 1 a , which is true for any a .

Look at each graph again. Now we will see that many characteristics of the logarithm function are simply ’mirror images’ of the characteristics of the corresponding exponential function.

What is the domain of the function? The graph never hits the y -axis. The domain is all positive numbers. We write the domain in interval notation as ( 0 , ∞ ) . ( 0 , ∞ ) .

What is the range for each function? From the graphs we can see that the range is the set of all real numbers. There is no restriction on the range. We write the range in interval notation as ( − ∞ , ∞ ) . ( − ∞ , ∞ ) .

When the graph approaches the y -axis so very closely but will never cross it, we call the line x = 0 , x = 0 , the y -axis, a vertical asymptote.

Properties of the Graph of y = log a x y = log a x when a > 1 a > 1

Our next example looks at the graph of y = log a x y = log a x when 0 < a < 1 . 0 < a < 1 .

Example 10.23

Graph y = log 1 3 x . y = log 1 3 x .

To graph the function, we will first rewrite the logarithmic equation, y = log 1 3 x , y = log 1 3 x , in exponential form, ( 1 3 ) y = x . ( 1 3 ) y = x .

Try It 10.45

Graph: y = log 1 2 x . y = log 1 2 x .

Try It 10.46

Graph: y = log 1 4 x . y = log 1 4 x .

Now, let’s look at the graphs y = log 1 2 x , y = log 1 3 x y = log 1 2 x , y = log 1 3 x and y = log 1 4 x y = log 1 4 x , so we can identify some of the properties of logarithmic functions where 0 < a < 1 . 0 < a < 1 .

The graphs of all have the same basic shape. While this is the shape we expect from a logarithmic function where 0 < a < 1 . 0 < a < 1 .

We notice, that for each function again, the graph contains the points, ( 1 , 0 ) , ( 1 , 0 ) , ( a , 1 ) , ( a , 1 ) , ( 1 a , −1 ) . ( 1 a , −1 ) . This make sense for the same reasons we argued above.

We notice the domain and range are also the same—the domain is ( 0 , ∞ ) ( 0 , ∞ ) and the range is ( − ∞ , ∞ ) . ( − ∞ , ∞ ) . The y y -axis is again the vertical asymptote.

We will summarize these properties in the chart below. Which also include when a > 1 . a > 1 .

Properties of the Graph of y = log a x y = log a x

We talked earlier about how the logarithmic function f −1 ( x ) = log a x f −1 ( x ) = log a x is the inverse of the exponential function f ( x ) = a x . f ( x ) = a x . The graphs in Figure 10.4 show both the exponential (blue) and logarithmic (red) functions on the same graph for both a > 1 a > 1 and 0 < a < 1 . 0 < a < 1 .

Notice how the graphs are reflections of each other through the line y = x . y = x . We know this is true of inverse functions. Keeping a visual in your mind of these graphs will help you remember the domain and range of each function. Notice the x -axis is the horizontal asymptote for the exponential functions and the y -axis is the vertical asymptote for the logarithmic functions.

Solve Logarithmic Equations

When we talked about exponential functions, we introduced the number e . Just as e was a base for an exponential function, it can be used a base for logarithmic functions too. The logarithmic function with base e is called the natural logarithmic function . The function f ( x ) = log e x f ( x ) = log e x is generally written f ( x ) = ln x f ( x ) = ln x and we read it as “el en of x . ” x . ”

Natural Logarithmic Function

The function f ( x ) = ln x f ( x ) = ln x is the natural logarithmic function with base e , e , where x > 0 . x > 0 .

When the base of the logarithm function is 10, we call it the common logarithmic function and the base is not shown. If the base a of a logarithm is not shown, we assume it is 10.

Common Logarithmic Function

The function f ( x ) = log x f ( x ) = log x is the common logarithmic function with base 10 10 , where x > 0 . x > 0 .

To solve logarithmic equations, one strategy is to change the equation to exponential form and then solve the exponential equation as we did before. As we solve logarithmic equations, y = log a x y = log a x , we need to remember that for the base a , a > 0 a > 0 and a ≠ 1 . a ≠ 1 . Also, the domain is x > 0 . x > 0 . Just as with radical equations, we must check our solutions to eliminate any extraneous solutions.

Example 10.24

Solve: ⓐ log a 49 = 2 log a 49 = 2 and ⓑ ln x = 3 . ln x = 3 .

Try It 10.47

Solve: ⓐ log a 121 = 2 log a 121 = 2 ⓑ ln x = 7 ln x = 7

Try It 10.48

Solve: ⓐ log a 64 = 3 log a 64 = 3 ⓑ ln x = 9 ln x = 9

Example 10.25

Solve: ⓐ log 2 ( 3 x − 5 ) = 4 log 2 ( 3 x − 5 ) = 4 and ⓑ ln e 2 x = 4 . ln e 2 x = 4 .

Try It 10.49

Solve: ⓐ log 2 ( 5 x − 1 ) = 6 log 2 ( 5 x − 1 ) = 6 ⓑ ln e 3 x = 6 ln e 3 x = 6

Try It 10.50

Solve: ⓐ log 3 ( 4 x + 3 ) = 3 log 3 ( 4 x + 3 ) = 3 ⓑ ln e 4 x = 4 ln e 4 x = 4

Use Logarithmic Models in Applications

There are many applications that are modeled by logarithmic equations. We will first look at the logarithmic equation that gives the decibel (dB) level of sound. Decibels range from 0, which is barely audible to 160, which can rupture an eardrum. The 10 −12 10 −12 in the formula represents the intensity of sound that is barely audible.

Decibel Level of Sound

The loudness level, D , measured in decibels, of a sound of intensity, I , measured in watts per square inch is

Example 10.26

Extended exposure to noise that measures 85 dB can cause permanent damage to the inner ear which will result in hearing loss. What is the decibel level of music coming through ear phones with intensity 10 −2 10 −2 watts per square inch?

Try It 10.51

What is the decibel level of one of the new quiet dishwashers with intensity 10 −7 10 −7 watts per square inch?

Try It 10.52

What is the decibel level heavy city traffic with intensity 10 −3 10 −3 watts per square inch?

The magnitude R R of an earthquake is measured by a logarithmic scale called the Richter scale. The model is R = log I , R = log I , where I I is the intensity of the shock wave. This model provides a way to measure earthquake intensity .

Earthquake Intensity

The magnitude R of an earthquake is measured by R = log I , R = log I , where I is the intensity of its shock wave.

Example 10.27

In 1906, San Francisco experienced an intense earthquake with a magnitude of 7.8 on the Richter scale. Over 80% of the city was destroyed by the resulting fires. In 2014, Los Angeles experienced a moderate earthquake that measured 5.1 on the Richter scale and caused $108 million dollars of damage. Compare the intensities of the two earthquakes.

To compare the intensities, we first need to convert the magnitudes to intensities using the log formula. Then we will set up a ratio to compare the intensities.

Try It 10.53

In 1906, San Francisco experienced an intense earthquake with a magnitude of 7.8 on the Richter scale. In 1989, the Loma Prieta earthquake also affected the San Francisco area, and measured 6.9 on the Richter scale. Compare the intensities of the two earthquakes.

Try It 10.54

In 2014, Chile experienced an intense earthquake with a magnitude of 8.2 on the Richter scale. In 2014, Los Angeles also experienced an earthquake which measured 5.1 on the Richter scale. Compare the intensities of the two earthquakes.

Access these online resources for additional instruction and practice with evaluating and graphing logarithmic functions.

• Re-writing logarithmic equations in exponential form
• Simplifying Logarithmic Expressions
• Graphing logarithmic functions
• Using logarithms to calculate decibel levels

Section 10.3 Exercises

Practice makes perfect.

In the following exercises, convert from exponential to logarithmic form.

4 2 = 16 4 2 = 16

2 5 = 32 2 5 = 32

3 3 = 27 3 3 = 27

5 3 = 125 5 3 = 125

10 3 = 1000 10 3 = 1000

10 −2 = 1 100 10 −2 = 1 100

x 1 2 = 3 x 1 2 = 3

x 1 3 = 6 3 x 1 3 = 6 3

32 x = 32 4 32 x = 32 4

17 x = 17 5 17 x = 17 5

( 1 4 ) 2 = 1 16 ( 1 4 ) 2 = 1 16

( 1 3 ) 4 = 1 81 ( 1 3 ) 4 = 1 81

3 −2 = 1 9 3 −2 = 1 9

4 −3 = 1 64 4 −3 = 1 64

e x = 6 e x = 6

e 3 = x e 3 = x

In the following exercises, convert each logarithmic equation to exponential form.

3 = log 4 64 3 = log 4 64

6 = log 2 64 6 = log 2 64

4 = log x 81 4 = log x 81

5 = log x 32 5 = log x 32

0 = log 12 1 0 = log 12 1

0 = log 7 1 0 = log 7 1

1 = log 3 3 1 = log 3 3

1 = log 9 9 1 = log 9 9

−4 = log 10 1 10,000 −4 = log 10 1 10,000

3 = log 10 1,000 3 = log 10 1,000

5 = log e x 5 = log e x

x = log e 43 x = log e 43

In the following exercises, find the value of x x in each logarithmic equation.

log x 49 = 2 log x 49 = 2

log x 121 = 2 log x 121 = 2

log x 27 = 3 log x 27 = 3

log x 64 = 3 log x 64 = 3

log 3 x = 4 log 3 x = 4

log 5 x = 3 log 5 x = 3

log 2 x = −6 log 2 x = −6

log 3 x = −5 log 3 x = −5

log 1 4 1 16 = x log 1 4 1 16 = x

log 1 3 1 9 = x log 1 3 1 9 = x

log 1 4 64 = x log 1 4 64 = x

log 1 9 81 = x log 1 9 81 = x

In the following exercises, find the exact value of each logarithm without using a calculator.

log 7 49 log 7 49

log 6 36 log 6 36

log 4 1 log 4 1

log 5 1 log 5 1

log 16 4 log 16 4

log 27 3 log 27 3

log 1 2 2 log 1 2 2

log 1 2 4 log 1 2 4

log 2 1 16 log 2 1 16

log 3 1 27 log 3 1 27

log 4 1 16 log 4 1 16

log 9 1 81 log 9 1 81

In the following exercises, graph each logarithmic function.

y = log 2 x y = log 2 x

y = log 4 x y = log 4 x

y = log 6 x y = log 6 x

y = log 7 x y = log 7 x

y = log 1.5 x y = log 1.5 x

y = log 2.5 x y = log 2.5 x

y = log 1 3 x y = log 1 3 x

y = log 1 5 x y = log 1 5 x

y = log 0.4 x y = log 0.4 x

y = log 0.6 x y = log 0.6 x

In the following exercises, solve each logarithmic equation.

log a 16 = 2 log a 16 = 2

log a 81 = 2 log a 81 = 2

log a 8 = 3 log a 8 = 3

log a 27 = 3 log a 27 = 3

log a 32 = 2 log a 32 = 2

log a 24 = 3 log a 24 = 3

ln x = 5 ln x = 5

ln x = 4 ln x = 4

log 2 ( 5 x + 1 ) = 4 log 2 ( 5 x + 1 ) = 4

log 2 ( 6 x + 2 ) = 5 log 2 ( 6 x + 2 ) = 5

log 3 ( 4 x − 3 ) = 2 log 3 ( 4 x − 3 ) = 2

log 3 ( 5 x − 4 ) = 4 log 3 ( 5 x − 4 ) = 4

log 4 ( 5 x + 6 ) = 3 log 4 ( 5 x + 6 ) = 3

log 4 ( 3 x − 2 ) = 2 log 4 ( 3 x − 2 ) = 2

ln e 4 x = 8 ln e 4 x = 8

ln e 2 x = 6 ln e 2 x = 6

log x 2 = 2 log x 2 = 2

log ( x 2 − 25 ) = 2 log ( x 2 − 25 ) = 2

log 2 ( x 2 − 4 ) = 5 log 2 ( x 2 − 4 ) = 5

log 3 ( x 2 + 2 ) = 3 log 3 ( x 2 + 2 ) = 3

In the following exercises, use a logarithmic model to solve.

What is the decibel level of normal conversation with intensity 10 −6 10 −6 watts per square inch?

What is the decibel level of a whisper with intensity 10 −10 10 −10 watts per square inch?

What is the decibel level of the noise from a motorcycle with intensity 10 −2 10 −2 watts per square inch?

What is the decibel level of the sound of a garbage disposal with intensity 10 −2 10 −2 watts per square inch?

In 2014, Chile experienced an intense earthquake with a magnitude of 8.2 8.2 on the Richter scale. In 2010, Haiti also experienced an intense earthquake which measured 7.0 7.0 on the Richter scale. Compare the intensities of the two earthquakes.

The Los Angeles area experiences many earthquakes. In 1994, the Northridge earthquake measured magnitude of 6.7 6.7 on the Richter scale. In 2014, Los Angeles also experienced an earthquake which measured 5.1 5.1 on the Richter scale. Compare the intensities of the two earthquakes.

Writing Exercises

Explain how to change an equation from logarithmic form to exponential form.

Explain the difference between common logarithms and natural logarithms.

Explain why log a a x = x . log a a x = x .

Explain how to find the log 7 32 log 7 32 on your calculator.

ⓐ After completing the exercises, use this checklist to evaluate your mastery of the objectives of this section.

ⓑ After reviewing this checklist, what will you do to become confident for all objectives?

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• Authors: Lynn Marecek, Andrea Honeycutt Mathis
• Publisher/website: OpenStax
• Book title: Intermediate Algebra 2e
• Publication date: May 6, 2020
• Location: Houston, Texas
• Book URL: https://openstax.org/books/intermediate-algebra-2e/pages/1-introduction
• Section URL: https://openstax.org/books/intermediate-algebra-2e/pages/10-3-evaluate-and-graph-logarithmic-functions

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