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To design and set up a transistor series voltage regulator using BJT and Zener Diode.
- Load current vs output voltage
- Input voltage vs output voltage for a constant load current
Apparatus Required:
Breadboard,PCB
Circuit Diagram:
An ideal power supply maintains a constant voltage at its output terminals, no matter what current is drawn from it. The output voltage of a practical power supply changes with load current, generally dropping as load current increases. The power supply specifications include a full load current rating, which is the maximum current that can be drawn from the supply. The terminal voltage when full load current is drawn is called the full load voltage (VFL). The no load voltage (VNL) is the terminal voltage when zero current is drawn from the supply, that is, the open circuit terminal voltage. One measure of power supply performance, in terms of how well the power supply is able to maintain a constant voltage between no load and full load conditions, is called its percentage voltage regulation.
An unregulated power supply has poor regulation, ie. output voltage changes with load variations. If a power supply has poor regulation it possesses high internal impedance. A simple emitter follower regulator is shown in Fig. 1. It is also called a series regulator since the control element (transistor) is in series with the load. It is also called as the pass transistor because it conducts or passes all the load current through the regulator. It is usually a power transistor.
The zener diode provides the voltage reference, and the base to emitter voltage of the transistor is the control voltage. The value of RS must be sufficiently small, to keep the zener in its reverse breakdown region. Writing Kirchoff’s voltage law to the output circuit.
V 0 0 + V BE -V Z = 0
V BE =V Z -V 0
If VZ is perfectly constant, the above equation is valid at all times, and any change in Vo must cause change in VBE, in order to maintain equality.When current demand is increased by decreasing RL, Vo tends to decrease. From the above equation, it is seen that as VZ is fixed, decrease in Vo increases in VBE. This will increase the forward bias of the transistor, thereby increasing level of conduction. Thus, the output current is increased to keep ILRL a constant. The reverse process occurs when RL is increased. Thus, the above circuit keeps the output voltage constant, even if the load varies widely.
Load regulation:
- The circuit is wired as per the circuit diagram shown in fig. 1.
- Keep the input voltage constant at Vimin , ie 10 V.
- Vary the load resistance. Note IL and VO for each setting of RL. Ensure that Vi remains same throughout
- Draw a plot between IL and VO
Line Regulation : Percent line regulation is another measure of the ability of a power supply to maintain a constant output voltage. In this case, it is a measure of how sensitive the output is to the changes in input or line voltage rather than to the changes in load. The specification is usually expressed as the percent change in output voltage that occurs per volt change in input voltage, with the load RL assumed constant.
- The circuit diagram is wired as per the circuit diagram shown in fig. 1.
- Keep the load resistance RL a constant.
- Vary the input voltage between the limits for which the regulator is designed (10 to 15V).
- Note the load voltage VO for each setting of Vin.
- Draw a graph between Vin (X axis ) and VL (Y axis).
- Make rest of the connections as shown in the connection diagram.
- Observe the final output and verify that the demodulator demodulates that channel data whose corresponding frequency synthesizer output is applied to the demodulator.
- Follow the same procedure for slow hopping scheme by changing the data rate and PRN sequence rate as shown in the table above for slow hopping scheme.
Observations:
Load Regulation
| Load Current I mA | Output voltage V V |
Line Regulation
| Imput Volatge V V | Output voltage V V |
Expected Output Plots
Result: Line regulation and load regulation curves are plotted.
Viva Questions:
Q.-1. Why Zener diode work as voltage regulator?
.........................................................................................................................................................
Q.-2. What is Line Regulation?
Q.-3. What is Load Regulation?
Q.-4. Analyze the working of Zener Diode?
Q.-5. Explain the term Zener Breakdown?
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Electronic Circuit Design Lab Experiment list
- 1 Analyse the working of Clapp Oscillator.
- 2 Study of BJT as a Switch
- 3 To verify the working operation of Crystal Oscillator.
- 4 To determine the gain vs bandwidth of 2-stage RC coupled amplifier.
- 5 To design vs set up a transistor series voltage regulator using BJT vs Zener Diode.
- 6 Design a Common Emitter amplifier vs determine its voltage gain vs output resistance.
- 7 Analyse the working of RC Phase shift Oscillator using BJT.
Laboratory Experiment Categories
- Electrical and Electronics
- Civil Engineering
- Engineering Mechanics
- Mechanical Engineering
- Biomedical Engineering
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- Si Lab - Zener Diode Voltage Regulator
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In this hands-on semiconductor electronics experiment, build a simple DC voltage regulator circuit and learn how to use reverse-biased Zener diodes as voltage clamps.
Project overview.
Zener diodes are frequently used as voltage regulating devices because they act to clamp the voltage drop across themselves at a predetermined level. In this project, you will build and test a simple Zener diode voltage regulator, as illustrated in Figure 1, for a number of different supply voltages .
Figure 1. Test setup for measuring the voltage of a Zener diode voltage regulator.
Parts and materials.
- Four 6 V batteries
- Zener diode, 12 V—type 1N4742
- One 10 kΩ resistor
Any low-voltage Zener diode is appropriate for this experiment. The 1N4742 model listed here (Zener voltage = 12 V) is but one suggestion. Whatever diode model you choose, I highly recommend one with a Zener voltage rating greater than the voltage of a single battery for a maximum learning experience. It is important that you see how a Zener diode functions when exposed to a voltage less than its breakdown rating.
Learning Objectives
- Understand the function of Zener diodes
Instructions
Step 1: Build the simple circuit shown in the circuit schematic of Figure 2 and illustrated in Figure 3.
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of a simple zener diode voltage regulator.
Figure 3. Terminal strip implementation of a simple zener diode voltage regulator.
Be sure to connect the Zener diode in a reverse-bias orientation (cathode positive and anode negative).
Step 2: Measure the voltage across the diode with one battery as a power source. Record this voltage drop for future reference.
Step 3: Measure and record the voltage drop across the 10 kΩ resistors.
Step 4: Modify the circuit by connecting two 6 V batteries in series for a 12 V total power source voltage.
Step 5: Re-measure the diode’s voltage drop, as well as the resistor’s voltage drop, with a voltmeter , as illustrated above in Figure 1.
Step 6: Connect three, then four, and 6 V batteries together in series, forming an 18 V and 24 V power source, respectively. Measure and record the diode and resistor’s voltage drops for each new power supply voltage.
Questions to consider:
- What do you notice about the diode’s voltage drop for these four different source voltages?
- Do you see how the diode voltage never exceeds a level of 12 V?
- What do you notice about the resistor’s voltage drop for these four different source voltage levels?
The reverse-biased Zener diode clamps the voltage drop at their breakdown voltage. Above this Zener voltage, the Zener diode conducts a lot more current so that any excess voltage supplied by the power source is dropped across the 10 kΩ series resistor.
However, it is important to note that a Zener diode cannot make up for a deficiency in source voltage (unlike some types of voltage regulators). For instance, this 12 V Zener diode does not drop 12 V when the power source is only 6 V. It is helpful to think of a Zener diode as a voltage limiter that establishes a maximum voltage drop but not a minimum voltage drop.
SPICE Simulation of a Zener Diode Voltage Regulator
A zener diode may be simulated in SPICE with a normal diode by setting the reverse breakdown parameter ( bv = 12 ) to the desired zener breakdown voltage. Figure 4 is an illustration of a Zener diode circuit schematic with node numbers added for SPICE simulation.
Figure 4. Zener diode voltage regulator schematic with SPICE node numbers.
Netlist (make a text file containing the following text, verbatim):
Related Content
Learn more about the fundamentals behind this project in the resources below.
- Zener Diodes
- Diodes and Rectifiers
Worksheets:
- Zener Diodes Worksheet
- Regulated Power Sources Worksheet
- Textbook Index
Lessons in Electric Circuits
Volumes ».
- Direct Current (DC)
- Alternating Current (AC)
- Semiconductors
- Digital Circuits
- EE Reference
Chapters »
- 1 Introduction to Electronics Projects
- 2 Basic Projects and Test Equipment
- 3 DC Circuit Projects
- 4 AC Circuit Projects
Pages »
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- 7 Digital IC Projects
- 8 555 Timer Circuit Projects
- 9 Contributor List
- Advanced Textbooks Practical Guide to Radio-Frequency Analysis and Design
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- What Is a Linear Voltage Regulator?
- 20A (Single Voltage) or 10A (Dual Voltages): A DC/DC Voltage Regulator Module from Linear Technology
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Zener Diode-Voltage Regulator
Aim of the experiment.
At the end of the experiment, the student will be able to
- Explain the function of a Zener diode
- Explain Zener Diode as Voltage Regulator
IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
A Zener Diode is a special kind of diode which permits current to flow in the forward direction as normal, but will also allow it to flow in the reverse direction when the voltage is above the breakdown voltage or 'zener' voltage.u000b Zener diodes are designed so that their breakdown voltage is much lower - for example just 2.4 Volts.
The fact that the voltage across the diode in the breakdown region is almost constant turns out to be an important application of the zener diode as a voltage regulator . Characteristics. Figure 2 shows the current versus voltage curve for a Zener diode. Observe the nearly constant voltage in the breakdown region. Fig 2: Zener diode ...
Zener diode experiment on breadboard with real laboratory like feeling and step to step guide.===== Thanks for WatchingPlease leave a...
A Zener diode. A DC voltage supplier. Bread board. 100Ω resistor. urrent and voltageConnecting wires3 Theory of experimentA Zener Diode is constructed for operation in the reverse breakdown re-gion.The relation between I-V is almost linear in this case Vz = Vz0 + Izrz , where rz is the dynamic resistance of the zener at the operating point.Vz0 ...
It is usually a power transistor. The zener diode provides the voltage reference, and the base to emitter voltage of the transistor is the control voltage. The value of RS must be sufficiently small, to keep the zener in its reverse breakdown region. Writing Kirchoff's voltage law to the output circuit. V 0 0 + V BE -V Z = 0.
Experiment No. 3 ZENER REGULATOR AIM: To setup and study a zener diode shunt regulator and to plot its line and load regulation characteristics. COMPONENTS REQUIRED: Zener diode, resistor, rheostat, voltmeter, ammeter, DC source and ... DESIGN Assume =5.6 , =5 Input voltage is in the range 8-14V. Select 5.6V zener [ =400, =5.6, =8 at =10].
simple Zener regulator circuit across the output of the rectifier. The breakdown condition of the Zener can be confirmed by c. in voltage, VTH, facing the diode is given as:RLVTH Vi= RS RL+This is the v. ltage that exists when the Zener is disconnected from the circuit. Thus, VT. has to be greater than the Zener voltage to facilitate breakdown ...
Lab 6, Voltage Regulation 1 EXPERIMENT 6: THE ZENER DIODE AND REGULATION Equipment List 4x 1N4004 Diodes. 10 F Electrolytic capacitor 1 F ceramic capacitor 1N4738A zener diode (1 Watt 8.2V) LM317 voltage regulator Cenco 89 , 2.2 A Rheostat 5k Pot or Leeds & Northrup #4754 AC-DC Decade Resistor Center Tap Transformer Box
Schematic diagram of a simple zener diode voltage regulator. Figure 3. Terminal strip implementation of a simple zener diode voltage regulator. Be sure to connect the Zener diode in a reverse-bias orientation (cathode positive and anode negative). Step 2: Measure the voltage across the diode with one battery as a power source. Record this ...
Calculate the current through the zener diode with a load resistance of 910Ω: a: 14.2 mA. b: 12.4 mA. c: 13.8 mA. d: 15.2 mA. Submit Quiz. Community Links Sakshat Portal Outreach Portal FAQ: Virtual Labs. Contact Us Phone: General Information: 011-26582050 Email: [email protected]. Follow Us.
First, select the Zener diode based on the voltage requirements of the circuit. Next, determine the maximum current draw of your circuit. For a robust solution, the diode must be able to handle the entirety of this current. Zener diodes have power ratings, so to determine the maximum power the diode will take, multiply the maximum current draw ...
Aim of the experiment. At the end of the experiment, the student will be able to. Explain the function of a Zener diode. Explain Zener Diode as Voltage Regulator. Community Links Sakshat Portal Outreach Portal FAQ: Virtual Labs. Contact Us Phone: General Information: 011-26582050 Email: [email protected]. Follow Us.
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS S.NO. NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT Page No. 1. Study of V-I Characteristics of a Diode. ... To study zener diode as voltage regulator. 35-36 14 To study and draw the characteristics of FET in common drain ... 40-41 . EEMSD LAB (EC-317-F) LAB MANUAL (III SEM ECS) Page3 EXPERIMENT NO. 1 AIM: To Study V-I Characteristics of a Diode. ...
Laboratory OutlineWe have used a diode numerous times before in. the previous labs. A diode conducts in one direction; if a diode operated in reversed biased, it. ill get destroyed. A Zener Diode is also a semiconductor device; however, it conducts in forward biased a. d reversed biased. In this module, we experiment with a Zener diode to build ...
Zener Diode as Voltage Regulator Tutorial
#ZenerDiode #Regulator #DiodeZener Voltage Regulator Experiment on Breadboard Practical. how zener diode worksA Zener diode is a diode which allows the curre...
The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the application of a Zener diode for voltage regulation and also diode applications in clipping and clamping circuits. I NTRODUCTION In Figure 5-1, an often used Zener diode voltage regulator is shown. The function of a voltage
A Zener diode operates normally in reverse-bias with a well-controlled avalanche breakdown voltage, V Z. They are available with V Z = 3V-200V. Zener diodes are a simple and inexpensive way to achieve DC voltage regulation. In this experiment you will investigate the basic properties of Si and Ge diodes. You will also inves-
A Zener diode, also known as a breakdown diode, is a heavily doped semiconductor device that is designed to act in the opposite direction. Zener diode is commonly used as a voltage regulator to maintain a constant DC output voltage. A voltage regulator is a part of the power source that maintains a consistent voltage under all operating conditions.
Objectives: The experiments in this laboratory exercise will provide an introduction to diodes. You will use the Bit Bucket breadboarding system to build and test several DC and AC diode circuits. The objectives of this experiment include: Review basic principles of diodes from ELEC 2210. An understanding of diode rectifier circuits.
Fig # 02 The Zener diode is acting like a biased diode clipping circuit with the bias voltage being equal to the Zener breakdown voltage. In this circuit during the positive half of the waveform the Zener diode is. reverse biased so the waveform is clipped at the Zener voltage, VZD1. During the negative half cycle the Zener acts like a normal ...
The document summarizes an experiment on using a Zener diode as a voltage regulator. It includes: 1) A circuit diagram showing a Zener diode connected in parallel with a load resistor and in series with a power supply and resistor. 2) Tables of results measuring the regulated voltage as the input voltage and load resistance are varied, showing the Zener diode maintains around 7.45V. 3) A ...
In breakdown the voltage across the Zener diode is close to constant over a wide range of currents (see fig. 1 ) thus making it useful as a shunt voltage regulator. A typical Zener diode shunt regulator is shown in Figure 2 The resistor is selected so that when the input voltage is atVIN(min) and the load current is atIL(max) that the current ...