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Bachelor's Thesis

Q&A sessions about the BBE bachelor's thesis process take place every semester. You will find more information under point 2.

Bachelor's Thesis Process

Before writing your bachelor's thesis you will have to meet several requirements and do some preparations.

1. Carefully read the guidelines. We recommend to read the guidelines between semester 3 and 5.

2. Optional: Attend the Q&A session on the BBE bachelor's thesis process given by the BBE Program Manager. We recommend to attend the session between semester 3 and 5.

3. Attend the course "Introduction to Academic Writing". Take the course in the semester prior or in the semester next to your thesis writing process. Please check the Institute's/your supervisor's requirements.

4. Apply for a bachelor's thesis topic.

5. Write your bachelor's thesis.

6. Submit your bachelor's thesis via LEARN for plagiarism check and grading. Your supervisor has 4 weeks to grade your thesis after you have uploaded it.

1. Carefully read the guidelines on the BBE bachelor's thesis process

Read the bachelor's thesis guidelines for BBE students carefully. Please note that Institutes may have additional guidelines.

2. Optional: Attend the information session on the BBE bachelor's thesis process

In this session, you will have the chance to ask remaining questions after reading the guidelines.

Every semester, we will send you an email with the date and location of the next session.

Next session:

20.03.2024, 2 p.m.-3 p.m. (TC.5.05).

3. Attend the course "Introduction to Academic Writing"

We recommend taking the course next to your bachelor’s thesis writing process or earliest in the semester before starting your thesis.

Please note that some Institutes may only accept you as a thesis candidate if you have already successfully completed the course.

Register for the course via LPIS.

4. Apply for a bachelor's thesis topic

You will have to apply for supervision of a bachelor’s thesis topic. All Institutes have separate selection procedure for accepting students as bachelor’s thesis candidates at various points of the semester. You will have to check the Institutes websites and gather information on their selection procedures and bachelor’s theses they supervise per semester.

5. Writing your bachelor's thesis

Before diving into your thesis writing process, you will have to fill in the Bachelor's Thesis Agreement and upload it in the BBE Bachelor's Thesis Agreement Canvas WU Club (new from July 10th 2023). Please only register for the Canvas WU Club in the semester you are writing your thesis/signing your agreement. Please note: Before you can upload your Bachelor's Thesis Agreement into the Canvas WU Club, you need to join the Canvas WU Club. Students who uploaded their Thesis Agreement in the former LEARN Club do not need to upload it in the Canvas WU Club again.

Good luck on writing your BBE bachelor's thesis!

6. Submit your bachelor's thesis via LEARN for plagiarism check and grading

Make sure to include the cover page as first page of your bachelor's thesis.

Please note that you may only upload your thesis once. It is not possible to delete and upload it again. More information about how to upload your thesis can be found in the MyLEARN Guide .

Cover Page Bachelor's Thesis

Agreement BBE Bachelor's Thesis

Application for external supervision

Request for support in finding a supervisor

Do you need additional support?

WU’s library offers several services, such as trainings, research consultations and Fit4Research an elearning program.

On LEARN you will find useful step by step information and tips for your thesis process.

Check out the further readings on LEARN. The readings are available at WU library. 

Business and Economics

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Academic Theses

Bachelor’s thesis.

The bachelor’s thesis is a “term paper” that has to be written as part of a course with continuous assessment .

Students of the bachelor’s programmes in Business Administration or International Business Administration (curriculum versions of 2014) have to write their bachelor's theses in the course of a “Bachelor’s Thesis Seminar”.  You do not have to submit any further forms. Just as with all other courses, the lecturer will directly enter your grade.

Please refer to your curriculum to find out whether you have to write one bachelor’s thesis or two bachelor’ theses as part of your degree programme. In the degree programmes in Economics and Statistics, as well as in the “old” curricula for Business Administration/International Business Administration (versions of 2011), the bachelor’s thesis takes the form of an additional paper written in a course with continuous assessment. The lecturer will grade the thesis. (Please refer to the curriculum to see the eligible courses).

Once you have decided to write a bachelor’s thesis as part of a certain course, please inform the lecturer about it and submit the form for the grading of bachelor’s theses.

Form: (in German): Confirmation of a bachelor’s thesis (Bestätigung über das Verfassen einer Bachelorarbeit) (in German)

Students who are enrolled on one of the more up-to-date bachelor’s programmes in Business Administration or International Business Administration (curriculum versions of 2014) have to write their bachelor's theses in the course of a “Bachelor’s Thesis Seminar”. They do not have to submit any further forms.

Students of the Bachelor programme in Economics, please consider the following guidelines when writing a BA thesis: Download Guidelines BA Thesis Economics

Business and Economics

Bachelorstudium, wu (wirtschaftsuniversität wien).

Über das Studium:

Are you interested in global trends and developments? Are you curious how they affect business and economics? In the English-taught bachelor’s program Business and Economics you will learn about current global challenges in business and economics and how organizations can deal with them.

Develop important skills

Our multidisciplinary approach will give you a broad and holistic view on issues in modern business and economics. You will deal with key business concepts, legal aspects, financial and data analyses, as well as economic models and contextual subjects. Various teaching methods are used to analyze real-world problems and help you develop an integrated view on business and economics and a solid foundation for individual specializations and electives.

Follow your interests with specializations and free electives

Choose up to four out of more than 15 specializations and many free electives based on your interests. Optionally, you can go on a semester abroad and/or gain practical experience during an internship in the company and country of your choice.

Get to know your fellow students and the faculty

We offer interactive classes with a  variety of teaching and assessment styles  in which you will work closely together with your fellow students and our dedicated faculty. Studying is important but we also want you to make friends and therefore, we will organize extracurricular activities for you to get to know the beautiful city of Vienna and become part of the BBE community at WU.

Get ready for your professional career or international master's program

Our bachelor’s program prepares you for the job market as well as a further academic education. After completing your degree, you will be ready to work in many professional fields in companies and other organizations. Our research-led teaching is also an excellent foundation for a master’s program at WU or in a related field at another university worldwide.

Studieninhalt:

Phase 1  of the bachelor’s program deals with current topics in global business and economics. You will learn how to assess and solve contemporary economic, social, and environmental problems from an interdisciplinary perspective.

Detailed information and content on all courses can be found in WU's  online course catalogue  (eVVZ).

In  phase 2 , you will gain fundamental knowledge in business, economics, data analysis, analytical thinking, and academic writing. Additionally, you will enhance your communication, team working, and social skills.

Importantly, we want you to create your own unique profile and therefore, we offer you many specializations and free electives in  phase 3  of the bachelor’s program. If you want to go the extramile, you might go on a semester abroad at one of our partner universities or take an internship in the company and country of your choice to complete your studies.

Berufsaussichten / Jobs:

The program’s flexible structure with various individual specializations allows you to become familiar with a professional field of your choice, be it in companies or other international organizations (both profit and nonprofit/NGOs).

Business & Economics prepares you for an international career in fields such as consulting or economic analysis where capable all-rounders are sought-after. WU alumni currently work in multinational companies, consulting firms, marketing and human resource departments, accounting firms, financial institutions or founded their own start-ups and businesses.

Moreover, the program is an excellent basis if you plan to continue your academic journey by enrolling in an international master’s program at WU or in a related field at another university.

Einstiegsvoraussetzungen:

A selection procedure for admission to the Bachelor’s Program in Business and Economics is held  once a year in spring.  Applicants who successfully pass the selection procedure can enroll in the program in the following winter semester. The program starts in winter semester (September/October) only.

The online registration for the selection procedure for the 2023/24 academic year opens on March 1, 2023.

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Bachelor - Bachelor's Thesis

Bachelor's thesis in (international) business administration.

The bachelor thesis is to be written within the bachelor seminar in the bachelor thesis module. The prerequisite for participation in the Bachelor seminar is the lecture Introduction to Scientific Work. This lecture is also part of the bachelor thesis module.

The Bachelor's thesis is graded within the Bachelor's seminar (incl. Bachelor's thesis). No further form is necessary.

Bachelor's Thesis Statistics

The Bachelor's thesis is to be written by the student as an independent written work within the framework of a course with non-continuous assessment of a compulsory module which does not belong to the compulsory module group StEOP.

Bachelor thesis form

Bachelor's Thesis Economics

The Bachelor's thesis is a "term paper" that is written within the framework of a course with continuous assessment in the field of economics (in module C.2 oder D). If you have decided to write a Bachelor's thesis in a course, please inform the course instructor and hand in the form for the grading of Bachelor's theses.

Form for Bachelor Theses

Please also note the following guidelines for writing a Bachelor's thesis: Guidelines for bachelor theses

Academic Research

• Student Support Area

You will be expected to write academic texts throughout your studies. This important skill is one of the things you will learn in your bachelor’s program. Scientific discourse is based on academic writing, as this is how the scientific community exchanges and transfers knowledge. And that’s not all: Academic papers often build on previously written work or reference other scholars’ work, which is what makes scientific progress even possible in the first place.

Academic writing is more than just a way to describe knowledge. While writing, information is gained and processed. This is why in academic writing, being able to write well is not enough, nor is it enough to know your topic well. Students need to become familiar with the conventions and stylistic characteristics of academic language.

Your degree program at WU will give you the opportunity to experience various forms of academic work, for example by writing seminar papers and your bachelor’s thesis.

In the courses “Academic (Legal) Research Techniques” and “Research Methods” ,  you will become familiar with academic research in preparation for writing your bachelor’s thesis. If you are enrolled in a German-taught bachelor’s program, you are required to take one of these courses with continuous assessment of student performance ( prüfungsimmanent , PI). The English-taught BBE program also has courses intended to prepare you for writing your thesis. This module is intended to offer additional support for the research and writing process.

The library offers a number of online resources and information on literature research in Fit4Research  (available in German language only), as well as a large selection of workshops and other programs related to literature research and reference management.

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Business and Economics, BSc (WU)

Wu campus, vienna, austria, # =57 qs subject rankings, 36 months program duration, 1,454 eur tuition fee/year, 31 mar, 2024 application deadline, program overview, main subject.

Business and Management Studies

Study Level

Undergraduate, admission requirements, exam scores, important dates.

your secondary school leaving exam or previous degree program (a degree program with a duration of at least 3 years at a recognized international postsecondary educational institution [university, university of applied sciences]) and

the selection procedure.

In addition, you’re also required to present proof of  special university entrance qualification  (fulfillment of program-specific admission requirements and your eligibility to immediately begin a degree program).

If you don’t have  sufficient German skills  yet, you can take German courses as part of the  Vienna University Preparation Program.

Tuition fee and scholarships

Tuition fee, scholarships, domestic students, international students.

One of the important factors when considering a master's degree is the cost of study. Luckily, there are many options available to help students fund their master's programme. Download your copy of the Scholarship Guide to find out which scholarships from around the world could be available to you, and how to apply for them.

In this guide you will find:

Where to look for scholarship opportunities

How to apply to scholarships relevant to you

A list of available scholarships around the world

A scholarship application checklist

QS WUR Ranking By Subject

More programs from the university, bachelor ug.

WELCOME TO WU ! When you decide to study at WU, you´re choosing not only the largest, but also one of the most reputable and well-known universities of economics and business in Europe. WU´s triple accreditation, a seal of quality granted to 102 universities worldwide, is one of the most important WU quality indicators, in addition to numerous excellent international rankings, such as the FT ranking, placing WU and its degree programs among the very best universities in its field. WU has approx. 21,500 students benefiting from WU´s outstanding faculty and its wide selection of degree programs at the bachelor, master and PhD/doctoral levels. Internationally-oriented programs, some of them taught entirely in English, are attracting an increasing number of international students to WU. Currently, one out of every four WU students is from outside Austria. Numerous services are available to help international students get their bearings here in Vienna.

The WU faculty is made up of 11 academic Departments and 14 Research Institutes. Strategic emphasis is placed on research in finance, business law, and Central and Eastern Europe, the latter especially through the Competence Center for CEE. WU is well-known for its unique entrepreneurial and collaborative culture, and its truly international spirit. WU professors play key roles as innovators and peers in a variety of scientific communities. Internationalization has always been one of WU´s strongest assets.

As a member of numerous international networks such as CEMS and PIM, WU has access to high-profile international partners for collaboration on different levels and topics. WU also hosts the Vienna Graduate School of Finance and its excellent, internationally-oriented PhD program. Studying at WU also means studying at the heart of Europe in one of the world´s safest and most beautiful cities. Vienna, a city perfectly balanced between tradition and the cutting edge, is sure to provide you with numerous opportunities to continue your education both in and outside the classroom.

Bachelor's Programs at WU Vienna

In addition to its 16 master's programs and numerous executive education programs for professionals, WU offers a total of 3 bachelor’s programs, one of which is taught entirely in English:

Business Law, LL.B. (WU)

• Economics and Social Sciences, BSc (WU)

Currently you have the possibility to register for a bachelor program of your choice with study start in fall 2023. The application deadline is on September 5th, 2023. You can find all information here: wu.at/bachelors

Business and Management (1)

Business, economics and social sciences, bsc (wu).

16 Master’s Programs for your Future Career

The Vienna University of Economics and Business (WU) is not only located in the city with the highest quality of living worldwide, it is also the largest university of its kind in Europe. Over 21,500 students from 110 countries are currently studying at WU and preparing themselves for a successful career in business or academics. A total of 16 master’s programs are available at WU.

Internationally Accredited and in High Demand WU is Austria’s largest business university, and also currently the only AACSB-, EQUIS- and AMBA-accredited university in the country. These prestigious accreditations are awarded to schools with outstanding research output, excellent connections to the business community, and an international outlook. WU’s 240 partner universities around the world, including schools like the Copenhagen Business School, University of St. Gallen, Nanyang University in Singapore, and the University of Michigan are proof of its high level of internationalism at the master's programs. A variety of double-degree program options are available, and thousands of incoming and outgoing exchange students keep WU’s international spirit going strong.

Austria’s Most Modern Campus In the fall of 2013, WU moved from its previous location in Vienna’s 9th district to a brand new campus near the Vienna exhibition hall and Prater Park. The new site is roughly 100,000 m 2 in size and offers a comprehensive, convenient infrastructure. Campus WU’s seven impressive building complexes were designed by renowned architects from around the world and house classrooms and auditoriums equipped with state-of-the-art teaching and learning technology, numerous project rooms for group work, independent study areas, and comfortable lounges for students, faculty, and staff. The campus has also received several awards for sustainable construction.

CEMS School of the year 2020 WU has been awarded CEMS School of the year for the second time since 2015 in recognition of its commitment to the network and the outstanding quality of the WU Master’s in International Management/CEMS (MIM) program. Please note that the last application deadline for your study start in 2022/23 for CEMS will be on September 19, 2022.

Master’s Programs at WU Vienna

In addition to its three bachelor’s programs and numerous executive education programs for professionals, WU offers a total of 16 master’s programs, eight of which are taught entirely in English. All programs start in the fall, with the exception of Business Law, which can also be started in the spring semester.

Application deadlines for English-Language programs

The application period will start this year on July 11, 2022. Three so-called "priority deadlines" are set for the application and selection proceedings. The first deadline is on October 8, 2022, the second deadline ( last deadline to apply for CEMS ) on January 8, 2023. The 3rd and last application deadline for all other English-Language Master's Programs is on March 8, 2023.

Currently, the application period for German-Language programs is running until October 31, 2023. You can find more about the programs here: wu.at/master (German page)

English-Taught Master’s Programs

• Digital Economy
• International Management/CEMS
• Quantitative Finance
• Socio-Ecological Economics and Policy
• Strategy, Innovation, and Management Control
• Supply Chain Management
• Business Communication

German-Taught Master’s Programs

• Business Education
• Business Law
• Export and Internationalization Management
• Finance and Accounting
• Socio-Economics
• Taxation and Accounting

Business and Management (3)

Business communication, msc wu, business education, msc wu, digital economy, msc wu, export and internationalization management, msc wu, finance and accounting, msc wu, international management cems, msc wu & cems mim, management, msc wu, marketing, msc wu, quantitative finance, msc wu, strategy, innovation, and management control, msc wu, taxation and accounting, msc wu, natural sciences (3), socio‐ecological economics and policy, msc wu, social sciences and management (3), business law, ll.m. wu, economics, msc wu, socio‐economics, msc wu, supply chain management, msc wu.

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Bachelor thesis or Bachelor's thesis

During my final year at university, I wrote what I thought was a "bachelor thesis". Right before printing it I stumbled upon several documents stating the name "bachelor's thesis". (Here we do not call it a dissertation just yet, so this question is only about the possessive bachelor's vs. bachelor .) A couple of Google search queries later, I had not found out which of these terms is correct. Which should I use?

• word-choice
• differences

• 2 It's a master's thesis and a doctoral thesis. Going by these, it should be a bachelor's thesis or a bacheloral thesis . Except bacheloral isn't a word. What is the adjective form for bachelor? Oh, it's bachelor. So by analogy, it's either a bachelor's thesis or a bachelor thesis . I think both should be fine. –  Peter Shor Commented Jul 19, 2012 at 16:06

4 Answers 4

First off, I would mimic the term that your university uses. Does that give you a satisfactory resolution? (Or are they inconsistent in their use?)

If not, do you use the full term "Bachelor of Arts" or "Bachelor of Science" in your thesis title? If so, you don't need the apostrophe s (and you should capitalize the words as indicated). However, if you are referring to the degree program more informally, then I think you should use "bachelor's thesis." ( See this Wikipedia entry in which bachelor's is used throughout.)

Also, the Associated Press Styleguide has these guidelines for Academic Degrees:

• Use an apostrophe in bachelor’s degree, a master’s, etc.
• There is no apostrophe in Bachelor of Arts or Master of Science.

I think that would apply to bachelor's thesis as well.

• Inconsistency is the problem. I have seen both versions come up, so it's not about being correct with respect to the university, it's more a question of my curiosity. As BA/BSc is concerned, we do not distinguish between them, we're simply bachelors. I read through some style guides, but none of them address theses specifically, so I was not sure about its application based on "bachelor's degree" and other uses. So your implication may or may not be correct. Still it's the closest I got to a backed answer. –  Ondrej Commented May 10, 2012 at 10:25

In some countries/universities, the word "thesis" or a cognate is used as part of a bachelor's or master's course, while "dissertation" is normally applied to a doctorate, while in others, the reverse is true.

In USA and Canada,

• Research-based papers presented as the final empirical study of a bachelor with honours (honors) degree are normally called bachelor thesis or honours thesis (in USA, "thesis" is in more commonly use).
• Major papers presented as the final project for a master's degree are normally called thesis .
• Major papers presenting the student's research towards a doctoral degree are called theses or dissertations .

In Germany,

• A bachelor's thesis is often 40–60 pages long, other theses are usually even longer.
• The required submission for the doctorate is called a Dissertation or Doktorarbeit.

• 4 1) This does not address my issue at all. As I said, it's not about thesis/dissertation, regional specifics, ..., it's only about the first word of the term. 2) The whole answer is only a compilation of excerpts from the "Thesis" Wikipedia entry. Don't worry, read that already. –  Ondrej Commented May 10, 2012 at 10:19
• Ahem... I double-checked Mac's Oxford dictionaries and they confirm that "thesis" is singular and "theses" is plural; your answer suggests a semantic difference. I've suggested a minimal edit to make the answer consistent with this. –  Blaisorblade Commented Jun 26, 2016 at 15:07

As I understand it, you are the bachelor (or at least the bachelor candidate) by virtue of being on the course, and the thesis is yours, so bachelor's thesis is the correct way to go.

On the thesis/dissertation thing, a thesis is your argument or proposition, and a dissertation is the discourse you defend it with.

At the college I attended, we used the terms Senior Paper or Senior Thesis to describe that it occurs in the final year of schooling. There are no post-graduate programs at the college in question, which avoided confusion with doctoral or master's level work.

Nomenclature of this final year thesis will vary depending on the institution.

Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged word-choice differences or ask your own question .

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What makes a Bachelor's thesis different from Master's and PhD theses? [duplicate]

All the three types of research revolve around an argument, a thesis. They of course differ in terms of student level, that is complexity.

But, what makes a bachelor's thesis different from master's and PhD theses in terms of procedures of researching given that all of them may follow the same process of research, questions or hypotheses, review of the literature, methodology, results and discussion?

• research-process
• research-undergraduate

• 13 In a bachelor thesis you are usually not expected to expand the existing body of human knowledge in contrast to a PhD. Bachelor theses are closer to literature reviews. –  Marc Claesen Commented Mar 29, 2014 at 9:08
• 1 I see what you meant but I'm not really convinced. Concerning the contribution to human knowledge, I think this depends on whether the thesis is innovative. If an undergraduate thesis is genuine, it can be published in a respectable academic journal. In that case, it would expand existing body of human knowledge. Concerning its similarity with literature reviews, how can it be similar if the literature review is but a chapter of the thesis? –  EasternRiver Commented Mar 29, 2014 at 10:26
• 5 You are very unlikely to do anything really innovative as a BA, unless you just happen to be lucky to be working in a very new field, or under a very, very good mentor. The idea that you're going to make a meaningful contribution to some well established, famous open problem at 22 is really, really low. –  user10636 Commented Mar 29, 2014 at 12:00
• 2 A PhD thesis requires original research, a master's does not required it, and a bachelor's thesis ... they just do assignments. –  Philip Gibbs Commented Mar 29, 2014 at 15:25
• 6 This graphic is a bit instructive: An illustrated guide to a Ph.D. –  Matthew G. Commented Mar 29, 2014 at 16:37

3 Answers 3

The PhD thesis should be on a much higher level than the Honours/Masters thesis, offering a contribution to human knowledge that is of a sufficient level of "significance" to warrant publication in a respected journal.

Significance is highly subjective, and you also do not necessarily have to publish to be awarded the PhD (sometimes the peer-review delay means that they come out afterwards, or there may be some intellectual property issues that make it beneficial to refrain from publication). It is awarded based on your supervisors consent and a review of academics in your field. So the "significance" would probably be judged by them in terms of how much original work they see as a reasonable expectation at that stage of your development (first 3 years of serious/committed research). Unfortunately it also means that some people who probably do not deserve PhD's are awarded them anyway for fulfilling grunt work for their easy-going supervisors.

It is possible that some Honours/Masters thesis might even be more significant/higher quality than a PhD thesis. Unfortunately, this does not mean that the submission of the thesis will award the degree that they deserve. The university may have a policy to upgrade the student's enrolment if the supervisor senses that such progress is being made. However, it is impossible to upgrade to a PhD without completing Honours and I believe nearly every single university has a policy of a minimum period of enrolment before submission is allowed. A subsequent question that you may have is how to gain a PhD without enrolling in one, which is another level of achievement completely.

As for the difference between Honours/Bachelor and Masters it would depend on your university, but both have no requirement for publication quality research and are usually small tasks/ideas that are not worth the supervisors time to think about alone, or involve a lot of labor. In fact, in my school, many Honours thesis are of a higher level than the Masters, because the smart Honours students will either graduate into the work force or go straight into a PhD. The Masters students are usually those who cannot find a job and are not suited to research. However, I believe some other universities may require a mandatory Masters degree to start the PhD.

You may get a better idea by looking at some titles/abstracts of completed theses. The PhD level will be something like a new method/observation/application whereas the Masters/Honours will be an application specific set of measurements/simulations or even simply a literature review to gauge the needs of future work. The word limits are also typically different (although note that quality is NOT proportional to the number of words), with PhD at 100K, Masters at 50K and Honours at 30K at my university.

Go back to basic definitions... In history of university degrees (500 years ago)

A bachelors degree is about learning existing knowledge. Historically from the book(s) written by the univ staff.

A masters degree, after you have learnt what is already known and in books in your topic area, is about learning evolving knowledge - that is near recent and current literature in academic journals and conference presentations.

A doctorate degree is about creating new knowledge by research.

So it is now easy to understand a thesis/dissertation for each degree.

A bachelors degree should be a critique of existing knowledge, often looking for inconsistencies in view points from different sources and synthesising arguments or positions in a DISSERTATION )that is you disserting !

A masters thesis (thesis is Greek for 'I believe') can be either an assembly of new knowledge from new published research or simply a critique and integration. It might have propositions (not hypotheses) that the masters student offers as a conclusion from bringing together new knowledge from different sources.

A doctoral thesis is where the author undertakes research, usually collecting primary new data which is presented as both factual findings and conceptual findings and thus new knowledge in the form of a new model or theory. Also possible, is to challenge existing knowledge and show earlier published knowledge is invalid.

Well that's what they all should be. In practice there is some overlap and different universities and faculties have their own custom and practice. It all starts to break down about 40 years ago when a masters degree become post graduate in time rather than post graduate in level. Thus engineers with a bachelor degree might take an MBA to make them more employable and did more a less a bachelor degree in business in 18 months rather than 3 years as they were already a graduate.

But still thinking in the above categories can help students today focus on the overall agenda.

I have examined over 55 PhD theses. And several hundred masters theses and I base my approach to assessment on the above.

Prof Peter Woolliams, B.Sc(hons), B.A., PhD, Emeritus professor, Anglian Ruskin College Cambridge, U K

• Your answer is very clear. However, I have come across many Bachelor's and especially Master's theses following the processes of research. personally, I am writing my Bachelor's thesis. I've followed the same of research. Specifically I've used online ethnography, collected data through participant observation and interviews, and trying to analyze data through constant comparative method. My supervisor did not impose this on me, but students have to follow the processes of research, literature review, data collection and analysis and discussion, etc. I really wonder if I am doing it wrong. –  EasternRiver Commented Mar 29, 2014 at 20:51
• 1 As I said, many units and supervisor have their local specific requirements, peter –  Prof Peter Woolliams Commented Mar 30, 2014 at 10:14

Roughly speaking, there are three levels of tasks:

• Application

For a Bachelor's thesis, you would only expect 1 and 2, that is the student should do something (e.g. solve a well-defined problem) with the knowledge they have aquired during their studies.

For Master's thesis, you would want to have a non-trivial amount of 3, that is the student should transfer the competences aquired during studies to new problems. This usually includes (more) extensive literature research.

A formal difference that (imho) derives from the above is volume; Bachelor's theses typically award less credits than Master's theses and should thus take up less time and fewer pages.

• 1 Note that excellent students will often move to 3 in their Bachelor's thesis and on to independent research in their Master's thesis. That's fair, encouraged even, but should by no means be required. –  Raphael Commented Mar 29, 2014 at 14:26

Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged phd research-process masters research-undergraduate .

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How to Write a Bachelor’s Thesis: A Step-by-Step Guide

The bachelor’s degree is an important milestone in your academic life, and creating a successful bachelor’s thesis is an essential part of this process.

Although it can be a challenge, with a structured approach and a clear timetable, a well-researched, informed, and organized bachelor’s thesis can be created.

In this article, we explain how to write a bachelor’s thesis.

11 Facts About Bachelor’s Theses

• The average length of a bachelor’s thesis is about 30-60 pages.
• Most bachelor’s theses are written in the field of economics.
• The average processing time for a bachelor’s thesis is 3-6 months.
• Typically, bachelor’s theses are supervised by a professor or lecturer.
• Most bachelor’s theses are still written and submitted on paper.
• A bachelor’s thesis is always written within the framework of a study program and is an important part of the degree completion.
• The topic selection for a bachelor’s thesis is usually free, as long as it falls within the field of study.
• Adherence to citation rules and source references is an important part of a bachelor’s thesis.
• Submission of a bachelor’s thesis is usually combined with an oral examination.
• The bachelor’s thesis is the first longer scientific work that a student writes during their studies and therefore represents an important hurdle.
• In 2021, approximately 260,000 students achieved their bachelor’s degree.

Scientific Formulations in Minutes Seconds

11 Tips for Academic Writing (Bachelor’s Theses)

• Start your bachelor’s thesis early to have enough time for research, writing, and revision.
• Choose an interesting and relevant topic that fits well with your field of study.
• Create a detailed work plan to keep track of your steps and deadlines.
• Use trustworthy and current sources to underpin your work.
• Write clearly and precisely, avoid using unnecessarily complicated sentences.
• Use a consistent citation style and pay attention to the correct source citation.
• Logically structure your bachelor’s thesis and ensure that the common thread is recognizable.
• Revise and polish your work multiple times to ensure that it is free from spelling and grammar errors.
• Have your work read by others and seek feedback to recognize areas for improvement.
• Consider publishing your bachelor’s thesis to make it accessible to others and to present your work.
• Have your text scientifically rephrased by Mimir. Sample input : Potatoes are healthy… ➔ Result : Potatoes are rich in vitamins and minerals and can contribute to a balanced diet.

The Process of Writing a Bachelor’s Thesis: Step by Step Guide

The writing process of a bachelor’s thesis is a challenge for many students. In this section, we give an overview of the most important steps and tips to successfully master the process.

• Determine the topic of the bachelor’s thesis and discuss it with the supervisor.
• Conduct comprehensive research and collect relevant sources.
• Create an outline and divide the topic into individual sections.
• Write the main part of the paper by processing and summarizing the insights gained from the research.
• Compose the concluding part, summarizing the main findings of the work and outlining possible further steps or implications.
• Proofread the work and check for formal requirements.
• Submit and defend the bachelor’s thesis.

Choosing a Topic: How to Find the Perfect Topic for Your Bachelor’s Thesis

The first step in creating a bachelor’s thesis is selecting the topic. It’s important that your topic is specific and answers a clear research question. If your topic is too general, it will be harder to achieve meaningful results.

Why is the topic important?

An interesting and relevant topic not only captivates your readers but also gives you the motivation to successfully complete the work.

The topic of your bachelor’s thesis is crucial for the success of your work.

A difficult or boring topic, on the other hand, can lead to you finding the writing process frustrating and ultimately not successfully completing the work. Therefore, it’s important to think carefully about which topic you choose for your bachelor’s thesis.

If you have difficulty finding a topic, you can turn to your supervisors and present your ideas to them.

Research & Study: The Right Way to the Perfect Bachelor’s Thesis

Once the topic is set, it’s time to collect the necessary information. This can be done by searching through libraries and databases, reading specialist literature, and interviewing experts. It’s important to carefully organize and document the collected information so that it’s easily accessible when writing the work.

It’s also important that your sources are current, as research and opinions in your subject area are constantly changing.

Possible Sources

• Academic Publications
• Professional Journals
• Reputable Websites (you should consult your supervisor beforehand)

Structure: Setup and Organization of the Bachelor Thesis

It is important to have a clear structure for your bachelor thesis. This should include an introduction, a main part, and a conclusion. Within the main part, you can divide your arguments into different sections. This helps you to structure your thought process and ensure a smooth and logical flow.

Introduction

• Summary of the research thesis
• Definition of the main terms
• Explanation of the research question and area of interest
• Conduct literature research
• Develop arguments and hypotheses
• Draw conclusions and results
• Cite sources
• Summary of the results
• Comparison of hypotheses and results
• Explanation of the implications of the results
• Recommendations for further research

Writing: Tips and Tricks for the Writing Process

After you have completed your research and established your structure, it is time to write.

It is important that you write your work in simple, academic German/English.

Avoid using too many technical terms and ensure that each sentence conveys a clear thought.

Compose a clear introduction that explains your topic and presents your argumentation. In the main part of your work, you should provide your arguments and examples to prove your thesis. Make sure that your arguments are logical and understandable.

• Write a simple and clear introduction
• Compose the main part of your work
• Ensure that each sentence conveys a clear thought
• Provide your arguments and examples to prove your thesis
• Ensure logical and understandable argumentation
• Avoid too many technical terms
• Avoid vague formulations
• Avoid subjective opinions

Tip: Let Mimir formulate your bullet point ( Example input : Running is great ➔ Result (1/3) : Running is a healthy and effective form of physical activity that can contribute to improving cardiovascular fitness, mobility, and mental health.)

Formatting: How to Properly Format Your Bachelor Thesis

It is important that you adhere to your university’s guidelines when formatting your bachelor thesis. Check the requirements for margins, line spacing, font size, and font type prescribed by your university.

It is also important to format your work consistently to achieve a professional look.

• Adhere to your university’s guidelines
• Check margins, line spacing, font size, and font type
• Consistently format your work
• Create a professional layout

Citing and Referencing: Rules for Citing and Referencing in the Bachelor Thesis

When referring to the ideas of other authors in your work, it is important to cite and reference them correctly. There are various citation styles you can use, but most universities use the Harvard or APA style.

Make sure to properly cite and reference all sources you refer to, to avoid plagiarism.

• Use the Harvard or APA style
• Cite and reference all sources you refer to
• Avoid plagiarism

Proofreading: Error Sources and Tips for a Flawless Bachelor Thesis

After you have written your bachelor thesis, it is important to thoroughly review it. Check the content for correct grammar, spelling, and structure. Also ensure that your arguments are clear and logical and that your statements are supported by your research.

It is important to proofread and edit your work several times. Make sure to correct all spelling and grammar errors so that your work looks professional.

• Read your work aloud to detect errors in grammar, sentence structure, and pronunciation.
• Use a dictionary or an online proofreading program to find errors in spelling and punctuation.
• Have someone else read your work and ask for feedback to gain additional perspectives and suggestions for improvement.
• Carefully review and revise your work to improve its quality and content. This can be done by adding examples, removing unnecessary information, or refining arguments.

Tip: Have your text checked by Mimir (Unscientific words, gender conformity, and more…)

Submission: How to Safely Submit and Defend Your Bachelor Thesis

Writing a bachelor thesis can be a challenging task, but if you follow the steps mentioned above, you will complete your work in a professional manner.

Don’t forget to adhere to the guidelines of your university.

Once you have reviewed and revised your bachelor’s thesis, it’s time to submit it. Make sure your work meets the requirements of your examiner and contains the correct information. If possible, have a friend or family member review it before you submit it.

Earning a bachelor’s degree is a great achievement, and creating a successful bachelor’s thesis is an essential part of this process. Remember, choosing a topic, conducting research, and writing a bachelor’s thesis can be a laborious process. However, if you have a clear schedule and follow the steps mentioned above, you can create a well-researched, informed, and organized bachelor’s thesis.

And last but not least: Congratulations!

Two Practical Examples of the Process

To better understand the steps and tips mentioned above, here are two examples from different academic areas:

• A psychology student writes a bachelor’s thesis on the effects of social media on the mental health of adolescents. She chooses this topic because it combines her personal interest and her expertise in psychology. She gathers information by reading textbooks and conducting interviews with adolescents and experts. She creates an outline consisting of an introduction, three main chapters, and a conclusion, and writes her paper accordingly. She makes sure to use quotes and references and to adhere to the APA formatting requirements. Finally, she carefully corrects her work and has it read by her teacher and a fellow student for improvement suggestions.
• A computer science student writes a bachelor’s thesis on the development of a new algorithm for machine learning. He chooses this topic because it reflects his expertise in computer science and his curiosity about new technologies. He gathers information by reading academic articles and communicating with other experts in his field. He creates an outline consisting of an introduction, three main chapters, a section on results, and a conclusion, and writes his paper accordingly. He makes sure to use citations and references and to adhere to the IEEE formatting requirements. Finally, he carefully corrects his work and has it read by his supervisor and a reviewer from a professional journal for improvement suggestions.

Frequently Asked Questions

How do you start writing a bachelor’s thesis.

Before you start writing your bachelor’s thesis, you should first plan the topic and structure of the paper. This also includes researching relevant sources and creating an outline. Once you have an overview of the structure of the paper, you can start writing.

How quickly can you write a bachelor’s thesis?

The duration of writing a bachelor’s thesis can vary greatly and depends on various factors, such as the complexity of the topic, the size of the paper, and the time spent on research. However, you should generally plan several weeks or even months for the actual writing of a bachelor’s thesis.

How do you properly write a bachelor’s thesis?

1. Start by selecting an interesting and relevant topic for your bachelor’s thesis. 2. Create a clear and detailed research plan that outlines the goals, methods, and timeline for your work. 3. Gather comprehensive and reliable sources to support your arguments and substantiate your theses. 4. Compose a clear and structured introduction that highlights the topic and significance of your work. 5. Develop your arguments in the main chapters of your bachelor’s thesis and use examples and evidence to support your statements. 6. Conclude your findings and conclusion in a conclusive and detailed section that summarizes the significance and implications of your work. 7. Thoroughly correct and revise your bachelor’s thesis to ensure it is logical, coherent, and error-free.

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Think of yourself as a member of a jury, listening to a lawyer who is presenting an opening argument. You'll want to know very soon whether the lawyer believes the accused to be guilty or not guilty, and how the lawyer plans to convince you. Readers of academic essays are like jury members: before they have read too far, they want to know what the essay argues as well as how the writer plans to make the argument. After reading your thesis statement, the reader should think, "This essay is going to try to convince me of something. I'm not convinced yet, but I'm interested to see how I might be."

An effective thesis cannot be answered with a simple "yes" or "no." A thesis is not a topic; nor is it a fact; nor is it an opinion. "Reasons for the fall of communism" is a topic. "Communism collapsed in Eastern Europe" is a fact known by educated people. "The fall of communism is the best thing that ever happened in Europe" is an opinion. (Superlatives like "the best" almost always lead to trouble. It's impossible to weigh every "thing" that ever happened in Europe. And what about the fall of Hitler? Couldn't that be "the best thing"?)

A good thesis has two parts. It should tell what you plan to argue, and it should "telegraph" how you plan to argue—that is, what particular support for your claim is going where in your essay.

Steps in Constructing a Thesis

First, analyze your primary sources.  Look for tension, interest, ambiguity, controversy, and/or complication. Does the author contradict himself or herself? Is a point made and later reversed? What are the deeper implications of the author's argument? Figuring out the why to one or more of these questions, or to related questions, will put you on the path to developing a working thesis. (Without the why, you probably have only come up with an observation—that there are, for instance, many different metaphors in such-and-such a poem—which is not a thesis.)

Once you have a working thesis, write it down.  There is nothing as frustrating as hitting on a great idea for a thesis, then forgetting it when you lose concentration. And by writing down your thesis you will be forced to think of it clearly, logically, and concisely. You probably will not be able to write out a final-draft version of your thesis the first time you try, but you'll get yourself on the right track by writing down what you have.

Keep your thesis prominent in your introduction.  A good, standard place for your thesis statement is at the end of an introductory paragraph, especially in shorter (5-15 page) essays. Readers are used to finding theses there, so they automatically pay more attention when they read the last sentence of your introduction. Although this is not required in all academic essays, it is a good rule of thumb.

Anticipate the counterarguments.  Once you have a working thesis, you should think about what might be said against it. This will help you to refine your thesis, and it will also make you think of the arguments that you'll need to refute later on in your essay. (Every argument has a counterargument. If yours doesn't, then it's not an argument—it may be a fact, or an opinion, but it is not an argument.)

This statement is on its way to being a thesis. However, it is too easy to imagine possible counterarguments. For example, a political observer might believe that Dukakis lost because he suffered from a "soft-on-crime" image. If you complicate your thesis by anticipating the counterargument, you'll strengthen your argument, as shown in the sentence below.

Some Caveats and Some Examples

A thesis is never a question.  Readers of academic essays expect to have questions discussed, explored, or even answered. A question ("Why did communism collapse in Eastern Europe?") is not an argument, and without an argument, a thesis is dead in the water.

A thesis is never a list.  "For political, economic, social and cultural reasons, communism collapsed in Eastern Europe" does a good job of "telegraphing" the reader what to expect in the essay—a section about political reasons, a section about economic reasons, a section about social reasons, and a section about cultural reasons. However, political, economic, social and cultural reasons are pretty much the only possible reasons why communism could collapse. This sentence lacks tension and doesn't advance an argument. Everyone knows that politics, economics, and culture are important.

A thesis should never be vague, combative or confrontational.  An ineffective thesis would be, "Communism collapsed in Eastern Europe because communism is evil." This is hard to argue (evil from whose perspective? what does evil mean?) and it is likely to mark you as moralistic and judgmental rather than rational and thorough. It also may spark a defensive reaction from readers sympathetic to communism. If readers strongly disagree with you right off the bat, they may stop reading.

An effective thesis has a definable, arguable claim.  "While cultural forces contributed to the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe, the disintegration of economies played the key role in driving its decline" is an effective thesis sentence that "telegraphs," so that the reader expects the essay to have a section about cultural forces and another about the disintegration of economies. This thesis makes a definite, arguable claim: that the disintegration of economies played a more important role than cultural forces in defeating communism in Eastern Europe. The reader would react to this statement by thinking, "Perhaps what the author says is true, but I am not convinced. I want to read further to see how the author argues this claim."

A thesis should be as clear and specific as possible.  Avoid overused, general terms and abstractions. For example, "Communism collapsed in Eastern Europe because of the ruling elite's inability to address the economic concerns of the people" is more powerful than "Communism collapsed due to societal discontent."

Copyright 1999, Maxine Rodburg and The Tutors of the Writing Center at Harvard University

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• What Is a Thesis? | Ultimate Guide & Examples

What Is a Thesis? | Ultimate Guide & Examples

Published on September 14, 2022 by Tegan George . Revised on April 16, 2024.

A thesis is a type of research paper based on your original research. It is usually submitted as the final step of a master’s program or a capstone to a bachelor’s degree.

Writing a thesis can be a daunting experience. Other than a dissertation , it is one of the longest pieces of writing students typically complete. It relies on your ability to conduct research from start to finish: choosing a relevant topic , crafting a proposal , designing your research , collecting data , developing a robust analysis, drawing strong conclusions , and writing concisely .

Thesis template

You can also download our full thesis template in the format of your choice below. Our template includes a ready-made table of contents , as well as guidance for what each chapter should include. It’s easy to make it your own, and can help you get started.

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Table of contents

Thesis vs. thesis statement, how to structure a thesis, acknowledgements or preface, list of figures and tables, list of abbreviations, introduction, literature review, methodology, reference list, proofreading and editing, defending your thesis, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about theses.

You may have heard the word thesis as a standalone term or as a component of academic writing called a thesis statement . Keep in mind that these are two very different things.

• A thesis statement is a very common component of an essay, particularly in the humanities. It usually comprises 1 or 2 sentences in the introduction of your essay , and should clearly and concisely summarize the central points of your academic essay .
• A thesis is a long-form piece of academic writing, often taking more than a full semester to complete. It is generally a degree requirement for Master’s programs, and is also sometimes required to complete a bachelor’s degree in liberal arts colleges.
• In the US, a dissertation is generally written as a final step toward obtaining a PhD.
• In other countries (particularly the UK), a dissertation is generally written at the bachelor’s or master’s level.

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The final structure of your thesis depends on a variety of components, such as:

• Your discipline
• Your theoretical approach

Humanities theses are often structured more like a longer-form essay . Just like in an essay, you build an argument to support a central thesis.

In both hard and social sciences, theses typically include an introduction , literature review , methodology section ,  results section , discussion section , and conclusion section . These are each presented in their own dedicated section or chapter. In some cases, you might want to add an appendix .

Thesis examples

We’ve compiled a short list of thesis examples to help you get started.

• Example thesis #1:   “Abolition, Africans, and Abstraction: the Influence of the ‘Noble Savage’ on British and French Antislavery Thought, 1787-1807” by Suchait Kahlon.
• Example thesis #2: “’A Starving Man Helping Another Starving Man’: UNRRA, India, and the Genesis of Global Relief, 1943-1947″ by Julian Saint Reiman.

The very first page of your thesis contains all necessary identifying information, including:

• Your full title
• Your full name
• Your department
• Your institution and degree program
• Your submission date.

Sometimes the title page also includes your student ID, the name of your supervisor, or the university’s logo. Check out your university’s guidelines if you’re not sure.

Read more about title pages

The acknowledgements section is usually optional. Its main point is to allow you to thank everyone who helped you in your thesis journey, such as supervisors, friends, or family. You can also choose to write a preface , but it’s typically one or the other, not both.

Read more about acknowledgements Read more about prefaces

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An abstract is a short summary of your thesis. Usually a maximum of 300 words long, it’s should include brief descriptions of your research objectives , methods, results, and conclusions. Though it may seem short, it introduces your work to your audience, serving as a first impression of your thesis.

Read more about abstracts

A table of contents lists all of your sections, plus their corresponding page numbers and subheadings if you have them. This helps your reader seamlessly navigate your document.

Your table of contents should include all the major parts of your thesis. In particular, don’t forget the the appendices. If you used heading styles, it’s easy to generate an automatic table Microsoft Word.

Read more about tables of contents

While not mandatory, if you used a lot of tables and/or figures, it’s nice to include a list of them to help guide your reader. It’s also easy to generate one of these in Word: just use the “Insert Caption” feature.

Read more about lists of figures and tables

If you have used a lot of industry- or field-specific abbreviations in your thesis, you should include them in an alphabetized list of abbreviations . This way, your readers can easily look up any meanings they aren’t familiar with.

Read more about lists of abbreviations

Relatedly, if you find yourself using a lot of very specialized or field-specific terms that may not be familiar to your reader, consider including a glossary . Alphabetize the terms you want to include with a brief definition.

Read more about glossaries

An introduction sets up the topic, purpose, and relevance of your thesis, as well as expectations for your reader. This should:

• Ground your research topic , sharing any background information your reader may need
• Define the scope of your work
• Introduce any existing research on your topic, situating your work within a broader problem or debate
• State your research question(s)
• Outline (briefly) how the remainder of your work will proceed

In other words, your introduction should clearly and concisely show your reader the “what, why, and how” of your research.

Read more about introductions

A literature review helps you gain a robust understanding of any extant academic work on your topic, encompassing:

• Selecting relevant sources
• Determining the credibility of your sources
• Critically evaluating each of your sources
• Drawing connections between sources, including any themes, patterns, conflicts, or gaps

A literature review is not merely a summary of existing work. Rather, your literature review should ultimately lead to a clear justification for your own research, perhaps via:

• Addressing a gap in the literature
• Building on existing knowledge to draw new conclusions
• Exploring a new theoretical or methodological approach
• Introducing a new solution to an unresolved problem
• Definitively advocating for one side of a theoretical debate

Read more about literature reviews

Theoretical framework

Your literature review can often form the basis for your theoretical framework, but these are not the same thing. A theoretical framework defines and analyzes the concepts and theories that your research hinges on.

Read more about theoretical frameworks

Your methodology chapter shows your reader how you conducted your research. It should be written clearly and methodically, easily allowing your reader to critically assess the credibility of your argument. Furthermore, your methods section should convince your reader that your method was the best way to answer your research question.

A methodology section should generally include:

• Your overall approach ( quantitative vs. qualitative )
• Your research methods (e.g., a longitudinal study )
• Your data collection methods (e.g., interviews or a controlled experiment
• Any tools or materials you used (e.g., computer software)
• The data analysis methods you chose (e.g., statistical analysis , discourse analysis )
• A strong, but not defensive justification of your methods

Read more about methodology sections

Your results section should highlight what your methodology discovered. These two sections work in tandem, but shouldn’t repeat each other. While your results section can include hypotheses or themes, don’t include any speculation or new arguments here.

Your results section should:

• State each (relevant) result with any (relevant) descriptive statistics (e.g., mean , standard deviation ) and inferential statistics (e.g., test statistics , p values )
• Explain how each result relates to the research question
• Determine whether the hypothesis was supported

Additional data (like raw numbers or interview transcripts ) can be included as an appendix . You can include tables and figures, but only if they help the reader better understand your results.

Read more about results sections

Your discussion section is where you can interpret your results in detail. Did they meet your expectations? How well do they fit within the framework that you built? You can refer back to any relevant source material to situate your results within your field, but leave most of that analysis in your literature review.

For any unexpected results, offer explanations or alternative interpretations of your data.

Read more about discussion sections

Your thesis conclusion should concisely answer your main research question. It should leave your reader with an ultra-clear understanding of your central argument, and emphasize what your research specifically has contributed to your field.

Why does your research matter? What recommendations for future research do you have? Lastly, wrap up your work with any concluding remarks.

Read more about conclusions

In order to avoid plagiarism , don’t forget to include a full reference list at the end of your thesis, citing the sources that you used. Choose one citation style and follow it consistently throughout your thesis, taking note of the formatting requirements of each style.

Which style you choose is often set by your department or your field, but common styles include MLA , Chicago , and APA.

Create APA citations Create MLA citations

In order to stay clear and concise, your thesis should include the most essential information needed to answer your research question. However, chances are you have many contributing documents, like interview transcripts or survey questions . These can be added as appendices , to save space in the main body.

Read more about appendices

Once you’re done writing, the next part of your editing process begins. Leave plenty of time for proofreading and editing prior to submission. Nothing looks worse than grammar mistakes or sloppy spelling errors!

Consider using a professional thesis editing service or grammar checker to make sure your final project is perfect.

Once you’ve submitted your final product, it’s common practice to have a thesis defense, an oral component of your finished work. This is scheduled by your advisor or committee, and usually entails a presentation and Q&A session.

After your defense , your committee will meet to determine if you deserve any departmental honors or accolades. However, keep in mind that defenses are usually just a formality. If there are any serious issues with your work, these should be resolved with your advisor way before a defense.

If you want to know more about AI for academic writing, AI tools, or research bias, make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

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The conclusion of your thesis or dissertation shouldn’t take up more than 5–7% of your overall word count.

If you only used a few abbreviations in your thesis or dissertation , you don’t necessarily need to include a list of abbreviations .

If your abbreviations are numerous, or if you think they won’t be known to your audience, it’s never a bad idea to add one. They can also improve readability, minimizing confusion about abbreviations unfamiliar to your reader.

When you mention different chapters within your text, it’s considered best to use Roman numerals for most citation styles. However, the most important thing here is to remain consistent whenever using numbers in your dissertation .

A thesis or dissertation outline is one of the most critical first steps in your writing process. It helps you to lay out and organize your ideas and can provide you with a roadmap for deciding what kind of research you’d like to undertake.

Generally, an outline contains information on the different sections included in your thesis or dissertation , such as:

• Your anticipated title
• Your abstract
• Your chapters (sometimes subdivided into further topics like literature review , research methods , avenues for future research, etc.)

A thesis is typically written by students finishing up a bachelor’s or Master’s degree. Some educational institutions, particularly in the liberal arts, have mandatory theses, but they are often not mandatory to graduate from bachelor’s degrees. It is more common for a thesis to be a graduation requirement from a Master’s degree.

Even if not mandatory, you may want to consider writing a thesis if you:

• Plan to attend graduate school soon
• Have a particular topic you’d like to study more in-depth
• Are considering a career in research
• Would like a capstone experience to tie up your academic experience

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George, T. (2024, April 16). What Is a Thesis? | Ultimate Guide & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved June 24, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/thesis/

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Referencing a Bachelor's Thesis

LaTeX only offers @mastersthesis or @phdthesis , but no bachelor's thesis.

I tried to keep the entry as @misc , but the university name doesn't appear.

So I just used @mastersthesis and typed

Is there another way of doing this -- or could I create a new @bachelorthesis entry type in the .bst file?

• bibliographies

• This should be possible with biblatex (somewhat easily). I suspect if it is at all possible with standard .bst files, it's probably not worth the hassle. –  moewe Commented Sep 25, 2013 at 20:00
• @moewe - It's not much hassle either to modify a copy of a bibliography style such as plainnat . :-) –  Mico Commented Sep 25, 2013 at 20:57
• @Mico I did not think it would be that easy. Being a biblatex fan I really underestimated natbib and friends. –  moewe Commented Sep 25, 2013 at 21:00
• 9 There are many types of thesis and @mastersthesis provides the field type just for this purpose. I wouldn't bother creating a new entry type just for a couple of citations. Before editing (a copy) of an existing .bst style, consider that for a submission you would have to use @mastersthesis anyway and you can't share your .bib file with your coworkers unless they have the new .bst file: using personally modified styles limits document portability. –  egreg Commented Sep 25, 2013 at 21:56
• 1 I had a similar problem and solved with this technique: hci.rwth-aachen.de/materials/bib/?id=kluth2011a –  user75906 Commented Apr 9, 2015 at 23:03

3 Answers 3

The simplest way to do so is to use @masterthesis and then setting the type to Bachelor's Thesis which will get printed instead of the default Master's Thesis . That is:

The new way to reference a Bachelor's Thesis is to use @thesis , which also replaces @phdthesis and @mastersthesis (both can still be used).

In type you can write whatever you want. But mathesis and phdthesis are predefined for Master's Thesis and PhD Thesis respectively.

• 4 Can you provide a source for the @thesis type? –  andreas Commented Mar 22, 2018 at 10:19
• 8 This did not work for me, maybe because of an old LaTeX installation at my institution. The type and school were not shown. However, when I changed @thesis to @phdthesis it worked as expected. –  m00am Commented Jan 7, 2019 at 14:06
• That doesn't work with BibTeX. –  vonbrand Commented Jun 24, 2021 at 2:52
• Similar to m00am: "Warning--entry type for "joachim2018methodology" isn't style-file defined" –  Caleb Stanford Commented Jul 26, 2022 at 23:09

It's not LaTeX per se but the bibliography style you use that determines, among many things, which types of bibliographic entries are recognized. If you're using a bibliography style such as plainnat , it's not much work at all to create a new entry type named, say, @bachelorsthesis . The following instructions should work not just for plainnat but for many other bibliography styles too, as long as they feature a function called mastersthesis .

Find the file plainnat.bst in your TeX distribution. Make a copy of this file and call it, say, myplainnat.bst . (Don't edit an original file of the TeX distribution directly.)

Open the file myplainnat.bst in your favorite text editor and locate the function called mastersthesis . (It starts on line 910 in my copy of the .bst file.)

Copy the code of the entire function (ca. 16 lines) and paste the copy below the existing function.

Change the new function's name from mastersthesis to bachelorsthesis .

Change the string "Master's thesis" to "Bachelor's thesis" .

Save the new .bst file either in the same directory as your main .tex file or somewhere in your TeX distribution's search path. If you choose the latter method, you will probably need to update the filename database in a way that's appropriate for your TeX distribution.

Start using the new bibliography style by invoking it via \bibliographystyle{myplainnat) , rerun LaTeX, BibTeX, and LaTeX twice more to fully update all references and citation call-outs, and start creating and citing those entries of type @bachelorsthesis . :-)

Happy (Bib)TeXing!

Specifying the type of thesis within @mastersthesis

works for me when using \bibliographystyle{elsarticle-num}.

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Bachelor in Business Economics is an undergraduate course offered under the management stream. This popular course provides aspirants with the knowledge that can be used in the application of economic theories and analysis of decision-making processes in a business. 

This three-year academic programme is offered in a number of Indian universities and colleges. The main focus of Bachelor in Business Economics (BBE) is to develop an understanding of the financial sector and the corporate world. It is an in-depth study of different topics included in the economic study like macroeconomics, microeconomics, financial systems, legal aspects of the trade, foreign trade, business analysis and more. 

Not only does the course discusses the contemporary financial situation of a country and its international relations but also talks about the financial systems in a historical context. 

Bachelor in Business Economics (BBE) Course Highlights

Table of Contents

Bachelor in business economics (bbe) eligibility criteria, bachelor in business economics (bbe) syllabus, bachelor in business economics (bbe) career options and job prospects, faqs about bbe.

Mentioned below are the common eligibility criteria for Bachelor in Business Economics (BBE) at Indian college.

Aspiring candidates are required to complete at least 10+2 level of education or equivalent from a recognised board. 

The minimum marks required can vary from college to college and for different student categories. 

General candidates should have scored at least 50 per cent marks in Class 12.

Reserved category students may get some relaxation in the cut-off percentage. 

For some colleges, candidates are also required to clear entrance exams. 

Admission Process for Bachelor in Business Economics (BBE)

The admission to Bachelor in Business Economics (BBE) course is done either directly on merit-basis or through entrance exams. 

For direct admissions, candidates’ percentage in Class 12 are considered for their selection.

Most of the Indian universities offer for Bachelor in Business Economics (BBE) admissions on merit-basis. 

In the case of admissions through entrance exams, candidates are required to first appear in the entry tests.

Their selection is then done on the basis of their performance in the entrance exam. 

Some of the universities that offer admission through entrance exams are IP University (IPU CET), Manipal University (MUOET), etc.

Bachelor in Business Economics (BBE) Course Fee

The course fee for Bachelor in Business Economics (BBE) at public universities can range from INR 25,000 per annum to INR 1.23 LPA.

The fee at private colleges can range from INR 54,000 per annum to INR 3.15 LPA.

So, the average for Bachelor in Business Economics (BBE) can be calculated around INR 1.23 lakhs.

The duration of the Bachelor in Business Economics (BBE) course is 3 years. Each year is divided into two semesters. Following is the semester-wise syllabus of BBE course that aspirants can refer to. 

Bachelor in Business Economics (BBE) - Subjects of Study

Candidates can explore the following employment areas and job profiles after completing Bachelor in Business Economics (BBE) course. 

Bachelor in Business Economics (BBE) - What’s Next?

After pursuing Bachelor in Business Economics (BBE), is candidates are interested in furthering their study in the same field, they can opt for the following programmes. 

M.A. in Business Economics

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I want admission in bachelor in business economics (bbe). do i have to clear any exams for that , what is the average fee for the course bachelor in business economics (bbe) , what are the popular specializations related to bachelor in business economics (bbe) , what is the duration of the course bachelor in business economics (bbe) , related questions.

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Dear student, the Government Girls PG College Rewa is yet to announce its BA admission schedule for the academic year 2021-22. The contact details of the admission office of the institute have been provided below - 

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