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The Ultimate Guide to Rational Decision-Making (With Steps)

Making decisions is an integral part of our lives. However, how many times do we really stop to think whether our choices are rational or not?

This article dives deep into the concept of rational decision-making, its importance, real-life examples, steps involved, factors influencing it, ways to enhance your skills, potential challenges, and how cognitive biases impact it. Let’s dive in.

What is Rational Decision-Making?

Rational decision-making, at its core, is a multi-step process used to make choices that are logical, informed, and objective. It involves identifying a decision problem, gathering information, evaluating alternatives, and selecting the most rational choice. This is a stark contrast to decisions based on subjectivity or intuition, which may often rely on feelings, emotions, or personal biases.

The goal of rational decision-making is to reach decisions that support your objectives in the most optimal way. The basis of this process is rationality—a concept that propels us to make decisions that provide the maximum benefit or, in other words, the best possible outcome. Rationality encourages us to follow a path that aligns with our goals and values while making decisions. It’s an antidote to impulsive choices or decisions clouded by bias and personal emotions.

While intuitive decisions can sometimes lead to effective outcomes, especially in situations demanding quick responses, rational decision-making allows us to consider all available options, analyze their potential consequences, and make an informed choice. This often leads to decisions that are more aligned with our long-term goals and less likely to result in unintended consequences.

Why is Rational Decision-Making Important?

Rational decision-making is the cornerstone of effective problem-solving and critical thinking. It helps us to make informed choices that are not only beneficial but also ethical, a crucial aspect in both personal and professional life.

In business, rational decision-making can lead to strategies that maximize profit, minimize risk, and promote organizational growth. It ensures resource optimization by aligning decisions with business objectives. Rationality ensures that every decision is data-driven, increasing the likelihood of successful outcomes.

On a personal level, rational decision-making can help us make better choices about our health, finances, relationships, and more. It enables us to make choices that align with our values and life goals, improving our overall quality of life.

Examples of Using Rational Decision-Making

Let’s see how rational decision-making manifests in various spheres.

Business: A company looking to launch a new product will employ rational decision-making. They’ll conduct market research, analyze competitor products, evaluate their resources, and predict potential profits before making a decision. This ensures the decision is based on facts and not just intuition.

Leadership: Leaders use rational decision-making while shaping policies or resolving conflicts. A school principal, for instance, may have to decide whether to enforce a strict no-mobile policy.

They’ll consider the pros and cons, consult with teachers, parents, and students, and make a decision that is most beneficial for the school’s academic environment.

Personal Finance: An individual considering their retirement savings plan would utilize rational decision-making. They might begin by understanding the importance of saving for retirement and gathering information about various options like 401(k)s, IRAs, or traditional savings accounts.

They would evaluate these alternatives, considering factors like potential growth, risk level, and tax benefits. The decision would be based on their financial situation, retirement goals, and risk tolerance, ensuring their choice is not impulsive but grounded in careful consideration and analysis.

Steps Involved in Rational Decision-Making

The rational decision-making process comprises several key steps. Here’s a rundown:

1. Identify the Decision

The first step in rational decision-making is acknowledging that a decision is required. The decision is usually a problem but can also be an opportunity. This is the foundational stage where the problem or situation is recognized, and the need for a decision becomes apparent.

You can’t make a rational decision unless you know exactly what the problem is and the context of the decision that needs to be made. Ask yourself questions such as:

• Why does a decision need to be made?
• What consequences will unfold if no decision is made?
• What desired outcome are we aiming for?
• What stands in the way of achieving it?

Take, for instance, a business observing declining profits. The company identifies the problem and realizes that strategic decisions need to be made to address this issue.

It might ask: What is the reason behind the decreasing profits? What will happen if the situation is not addressed? What are our financial goals, and what is impeding us from achieving them? This level of detailed understanding and clarity sets the stage for the subsequent steps of the decision-making process.

2. Gather Information

Once the decision has been identified, the next step is to gather relevant information about it. This could include data analysis, research, consultations with experts, surveys, etc.

Using the previous example, the business might look into financial statements, assess market trends, and consider feedback from customers. A thorough and unbiased collection of data is critical as it forms the backbone of a rational decision.

3. Identify Alternatives

The third step involves generating a list of potential alternatives. There is often more than one way to address a problem or situation, so it’s important to consider different approaches and options.

For the business facing decreasing profits, alternatives could include cost-cutting, investing in new marketing strategies, introducing new products, or even merging with another company. Creativity and open-mindedness are key in this stage to ensure a wide range of options.

4. Evaluate Alternatives

After generating alternatives, the next crucial step is to evaluate each one. This stage involves a systematic analysis of the pros and cons, feasibility, potential impact, and other factors pertinent to each option. Here, establishing your decision criteria—such as cost-effectiveness, scalability, risk level, and potential return—is key. Once established, these criteria need to be weighed based on their importance to solving the problem at hand.

For example, a business might establish criteria like cost, projected return, and alignment with company values. These criteria would be applied to evaluate the potential impact of different marketing strategies, the feasibility of cost-cutting measures, or the implications of a merger.

This systematic evaluation process, underpinned by established and weighted decision criteria, enables a business to compare and contrast different options effectively. It assists in determining which alternative aligns best with the defined criteria and thus holds the highest potential for success.

5. Choose an Alternative

This step involves making the actual decision among the evaluated alternatives. Typically, the best alternative is the one with the greatest likelihood of solving the issue, paired with the lowest degree of risk.

It’s where the business might choose the most cost-effective marketing strategy that is expected to reach the widest audience. While this stage concludes with a decision, the rational decision-making process is not yet complete.

6. Take Action

This is where the chosen alternative is implemented. It involves carrying out the decision and monitoring its progress.

For the business, this would mean launching the selected marketing strategy and keeping a close eye on metrics such as customer engagement, sales, and profit margins. It’s important to remember that this stage might involve overcoming obstacles and making adjustments as necessary.

7. Review the Decision

The final step of the process is to review and evaluate the results of the decision. This includes analyzing whether the decision has resolved the problem or situation and, if not, considering what adjustments need to be made.

In our business example, this could mean assessing whether the new marketing strategy has indeed increased profits. If it hasn’t, the business might need to revisit previous steps of the process to identify and implement a new decision.

These steps make up the backbone of the rational decision-making process, enabling us to systematically approach our choices, ensuring they are backed by logic and evidence.

Assumptions for Using a Rational Decision-Making Model

To effectively utilize the rational decision-making process, it’s necessary to make several key assumptions. These assumptions create a baseline for the decision-making process and help ensure its effective implementation:

• Complete Information: One must assume that all the information needed to make the decision is available and accessible. This includes details about the problem, potential solutions, and their outcomes.
• Decision-Maker Rationality: The person making the decision is assumed to be rational, meaning they are objective, logical, and aim to make the best choice based on the information available.
• Clear Objectives: The decision-maker is assumed to have clear and consistent objectives or goals that guide the decision-making process.
• Time and Resources: It’s assumed that the decision-maker has adequate time and resources to gather information, evaluate alternatives, and make a decision.
• Decision-Maker Independence: The decision-maker is assumed to have the freedom and authority to make the decision without undue influence or restrictions.
• Stable Environment: The environment in which the decision is being made is assumed to be stable, allowing for reliable predictions about the consequences of each alternative.
• Logical Evaluation: It’s assumed that the decision-maker can logically evaluate the pros and cons of each alternative, weigh them against each other, and make a rational choice.

Other Rational Decision-Making Models

While the steps above cover the basics of rational decision-making, there are several rational decision-making models that have been developed by scholars and researchers over the years.

These models provide structured approaches to making decisions based on logical reasoning and analysis. Here are a few examples:

• The Rational Economic Model: This model assumes that individuals make decisions by maximizing their utility or satisfaction, considering all available information, and weighing the costs and benefits of different alternatives.
• The Bounded Rationality Model: Proposed by Herbert Simon, this model recognizes that humans have limitations in processing information and making fully rational decisions. It suggests that individuals make decisions that are “good enough” rather than optimal, taking into account their cognitive constraints and the available information.
• The Normative Decision Model: This model focuses on the ideal decision-making process, providing a step-by-step framework for making rational decisions. It emphasizes gathering complete information, considering all alternatives, and evaluating the potential outcomes before selecting the best option.
• The Garbage Can Model: This model views decision-making as a chaotic process that occurs in organizations. It suggests that decisions often result from a combination of problems, solutions, participants, and circumstances coming together in a “garbage can” and being resolved opportunistically.
• The Prospect Theory: Proposed by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, this model challenges the assumptions of rational decision-making by considering how individuals assess and weigh potential gains and losses. It suggests that people tend to be risk-averse when it comes to gains but risk-seeking when it comes to losses.

These are just a few examples of rational decision-making models. Each model offers a unique perspective and set of principles for approaching decision-making tasks. The choice of model depends on the context, problem complexity, available information, and the decision-makers preferences and constraints.

Factors Influencing Rational Decision-Making

While the idea of making a completely rational decision sounds perfect, in reality, our decisions are often influenced by various factors.

• Information Availability: The amount and quality of information at our disposal can greatly influence our decisions. With limited or incorrect information, we may end up making less-than-optimal decisions.
• Time Constraints: Often, we are pressed for time while making decisions. Under such constraints, we might not go through the full rational decision-making process.
• Cognitive Limitations: Our cognitive capacity to process information and make decisions is limited. We can be overwhelmed with too many alternatives or complex decision scenarios.
• Emotions: Our emotions often play a part in our decisions. We might make irrational choices under emotional distress.

Impact of Cognitive Biases on Rational Decision-Making

Cognitive biases can seriously impact our rational decision-making abilities. These mental shortcuts or “biases” can lead us to make decisions that are not in our best interest.

For instance, confirmation bias can make us pay more attention to information that confirms our pre-existing beliefs and ignore contradicting evidence. Similarly, the anchoring bias can cause us to rely heavily on the first piece of information we receive when making decisions.

Cognitive biases often lead to irrational choices. Being aware of these biases is the first step towards mitigating their impact on our decision-making process.

Potential Challenges in Rational Decision-Making

Rational decision-making, despite its merits, isn’t without its challenges. Some of these include:

• Information Overload: In an age of data deluge, filtering through massive amounts of information to make decisions can be overwhelming.
• Analysis Paralysis: Overanalyzing or overthinking can lead to indecision or delays in decision-making.
• Unpredictable Outcomes: Even with a thorough analysis, outcomes can be unpredictable due to the dynamic nature of our environment.

Developing Rational Decision-Making Skills

Wondering how to become better at making rational decisions? Here are some tips to get you going:

• Improve Critical Thinking: Critical thinking allows us to objectively analyze information and logically derive conclusions. By developing your critical thinking skills, you can better evaluate decision alternatives.
• Practice Mindfulness: Being aware of your thoughts and emotions can help you identify when they are clouding your decision-making process.
• Use Decision-Making Models: Decision-making models can provide a structured approach to rational decision-making. They can help guide you through complex decision scenarios.

Remember, developing rational decision-making skills takes time and practice. Stay patient and keep practicing.

Frequently Asked Questions

Rational decision-making is a structured, logical process that uses evidence and analysis. Intuitive decision-making relies on instinct and gut feelings.

Yes, rational decision-making can be applied in personal situations like choosing a career, managing finances, or making health-related decisions.

Yes, decision-making models like SWOT analysis, decision trees, or cost-benefit analysis can provide structured approaches to enhance rationality.

Wrapping Up

Rational decision-making is a skill that can transform our personal and professional lives, steering us toward more informed and effective choices. Though challenges exist, with awareness and practice, we can significantly improve our decision-making prowess.

By understanding the nuances of rational decision-making, we not only enhance our decision-making abilities but also become better thinkers, planners, and problem-solvers. Now, isn’t that a step towards a more informed and empowered life?

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How to Apply Rational Thinking in Decision Making

I. introduction.

Have you ever thought about how you make decisions? Every day, in different situations, we need to make a series of decisions – from what to wear or what to eat for breakfast to more significant choices like career moves or financial investments. These decisions can have far-reaching effects on our personal and professional life. That’s why it’s important to approach decision-making in a purposeful and rational manner.

Let’s begin by understanding what rational thinking is: it’s a cognitive process that involves logical and objective reasoning. Basically, it’s a method used to logically process information and make a sensible judgement or decision. It’s about thinking clearly, sensibly, and logically, ensuring our actions are not guided by emotion, bias, or prejudice.

Decisions are an integral part of our lives. However, the quality of these decisions can vary greatly based on how we approach them. Irrational or impulsive decisions can lead to negative consequences or regret. Meanwhile, employing a rational thought process can lead to well-informed, balanced decisions that we can feel confident about.

Rationality is such a pivotal aspect of thoughtful decision-making, and harnessing it can truly be life-changing. In this blog post, we will understand the concept of rational thinking, its role in decision making, and how you can adopt it in your everyday life. By the conclusion of this article, we will also present you with tips to improve these critical thinking skills, and showcase real-life scenarios where rational thinking has proven successful. Let’s embark on this rational journey. It’s decision time!

II. Understanding Rational Thinking

Rational thinking, as the term implies, refers to a certain approach or method that involves the use of reason in processing information and formulating decisions. It encourages us to act based on facts, evidence, and logic rather than succumbing to emotional impulses or personal biases.

A. Detailed Definition of Rational Thinking

Rational thinking, in the broadest sense, is the cognitive process wherein the identification and evaluation of evidence guide an action or belief. Its synonyms include critical thinking, logical reasoning, or analytical thinking, and it is the cornerstone of problem-solving, innovation, and decision-making.

This form of thinking is characterized by deductive and inductive reasoning - where you draw general conclusions from specific observations or specific conclusions from general principles.

“In its essence, rational thinking is a systematic, disciplined process demanding keen intellect and an open mind” - Dr. Janeen DeMarte, Psychologist

B. Core Elements of Rational Thinking

So, what goes into rational thinking? Here are the three major elements that define the process:

1. Objectivity

One of the primary parts of rational thinking is maintaining objectivity. This means having an unbiased outlook and assessing situations based on facts rather than personal feelings or preconceived notions. It involves a scientific approach to thinking, where all available evidence is considered before making a judgment.

Logic is the bedrock of rational thinking. Every argument or conclusion that you make via rational thinking must logically follow from the premises. Anything that contradicts this principle is considered fallacious or invalid.

Lastly, honesty is integral to rational thinking. Often people manipulate facts to match their predetermined conclusion, but rational thinking necessitates an honest approach. It involves being truthful about the facts and accepting the conclusion that follows, no matter how it aligns with initial assumptions or desires.

C. Why Is Rational Thinking Important?

Rational thinking serves as our guiding light to navigate the complexities of the world around us. The more rational we are, the better we can understand reality, solve problems, and make informed decisions. It helps us step out of our emotional chaos and subjective bias, ensuring our decisions are grounded in reason and logic.

The importance of rational thinking is not confined to grandiose decisions, but also to our routine lives. From simply deciding your daily diet to complex decisions like career planning, rational thinking plays an essential role.

“Rational thinking helps us stay aligned with reality, improve the quality of our lives, and bring us closer to our objectives.”

V. Case Study: Successful Rational Decision Making in Real-life Scenarios

Let’s delve into some real-world instances where a rational approach led to successful decision-making outcomes. These case studies provide tangible insight into how rationality can have a profound impact on the decision-making process, and underscores the value of thinking rationally in our daily undertakings.

A. Steve Jobs and the Creation of the iPhone

One celebrated instance of rational decision-making is the creation of the revolutionary product – the iPhone. Steve Jobs, the late co-founder of Apple Inc., is renowned for his resolute decision to push for the iPhone’s development despite facing internal opposition.

Jobs identified the problem – the absence of a substantial mobile device merging a music player and a communication tool. He gathered relevant information about the technological landscape, the market, potential competitors, and customer needs.

Employing logic, he assessed this data objectively and determined that such a product stood a good chance of carving a niche in the market. His bold, rational decision gave birth to one of the world’s most sought-after pieces of technology.

B. Johnson & Johnson’s Tylenol Crisis Response

Another notable example comes from the pharmaceutical industry. In 1982, Johnson & Johnson faced a severe crisis when seven people in Chicago died after consuming its widely popular product, Tylenol, which had been laced with cyanide.

Regardless of the unknown culprit being an external actor, Johnson & Johnson embarked on a highly rational decision-making process. They first recognized the problem – a massive blow to their product’s credibility and potential loss of customer trust.

Information was gathered on the scale of the disaster and potential options to reinstate public confidence. Evincing remarkable honesty, the company opted to recall all Tylenol capsules, costing them over $100 million. This proved to be a rational decision in the long term, as it exemplified their enduring commitment to customer safety and restored their damaged reputation.

C. Elon Musk’s SpaceX Venture

Elon Musk, the founder of SpaceX, offers a more recent example. His decision to enter the space industry was a steep one, as space exploration had been dominated by national governmental organizations, like NASA.

The problem Musk identified was the lack of affordable methods to explore and travel in space. Gathering information about the industry, technological capacities, and prices, he realized with objectivity the huge challenge he faced. However, he saw a possibility where others did not.

SpaceX was established to create more affordable spacecraft and has since successfully launched many missions, proving that a private company can compete in this astoundingly complex field. This indicates that rational thinking and calculated risk-taking can pave the way for ground-breaking revolutions.

VI. Tips to Improve Rational Thinking Skill

Rational thinking isn’t an inborn skill that some are privileged to have and others not. Rather, it’s a learnable skill that can be honed and developed with time, effort, consistency and patience. Here are some methods you can use to elevate your rational thinking:

A. Self-awareness

Cultivating self-awareness is the first step to improving your rational thinking skill. This involves being mindful of your thoughts, feelings, actions, and biases. Question your beliefs and conclusions, and try to understand both the emotion and rationality behind your thoughts.

“> Cultivating self-awareness is like pulling the curtain back on your internal drama, revealing the characters in play and understanding their motivations.”

Being aware of your cognitive biases can also enhance your rational thinking. Cognitive biases are thinking errors we make that can affect our decisions and judgments. For instance, the confirmation bias can block us from accepting new information. By recognizing these biases, we can counteract them and think more rationally.

B. Constant Learning

Rational thinking isn’t a static skill. Instead, it constantly needs fuel in the form of knowledge to grow stronger. Surround yourself with diverse knowledge sources such as books, podcasts, articles, seminars, conversations with people from different walks of life and industry experts. The more information you gather, the more well-rounded your understanding of the world will be, allowing for more sound judgments.

“> Lifelong learning is a limitless source of fuel for rational thoughts. It broadens your experiences and perspectives and helps you make decisions from an informed viewpoint.”

C. Cultivating Patience

Rational thinking requires patience. Quick decisions often lead to irrational outcomes. When you have more patience, you are much more likely to gather all the relevant information and think the situation over before coming to a decision. Be patient, take the time to think, and do not be swayed by the impulsiveness that often accompanies decision-making.

“> Patience is more than simply waiting. It’s the ability to keep a good attitude while working hard, focusing on your goal and trusting in the process.”

Remember, rational thinking is a journey, not a destination, and growth often takes effort to realize. But with consistency, self-awareness, patience, and the desire to learn, you can substantially improve your rational thinking skills and make more informed and logical decisions in your day-to-day life.

VII. Conclusion

In conclusion, it’s clear that rational thinking is a highly beneficial tool when it comes to decision making. Logic, honesty and objectivity are the key elements that enable us to make rational decisions.

“Rational thinking is not just about making decisions that benefit us in the short term, it’s about making decisions that will continue to benefit us in the long run.”

If we let our situations, emotions or biases determine our decisions, we may face unfavorable outcomes. Hence, exercising rationality helps us avoid the negative consequences of irrationality.

Rational thinking doesn’t only enable us to make well thought-out decisions, it also allows us to understand why we make certain decisions. We learnt about a simple step-by-step guide which can be integrated into our everyday life, helping us approach even the most complex problems rationally.

Remember the stories of successful rational decision making we shared? They provide real-life examples of how beneficial rational thinking can be. These people were able to achieve great things by thinking rationally and you can too!

Furthermore, we should always strive to improve our rational thinking skills. This can be achieved by promoting self-awareness, practicing patience, and dedicating ourselves to constant learning.

All in all, it’s important to realize that our decisions shape our lives. Consequently, the way we approach our decisions plays a big role in determining our successes and failures. By incorporating rational thinking into our decision making, we can ensure that we’re making the best possible decisions that will lead us towards our desired outcomes.

To paraphrase a famous quote,

“Every decision we make, and every step we take, is a result of our thinking. Therefore, if we want to change our lives, we must first change our thinking.”

Let’s strive to apply rational thinking in our everyday decision making and see the powerful positive impact it can have on our lives!

VIII. Call to Action

In conclusion, rational thinking plays a crucial role in making sound decisions personally or professionally.

“The key to good decision making is evaluating alternatives carefully and thoroughly. This calls for us to utilize our cognitive abilities rationally.”

Taking the time to analyze situations objectively, consider all feasible options, and logically draw conclusions will greatly improve our decision-making abilities.

Implement Rational Thinking

Now that you have a better understanding of rational thinking’s importance in decision-making, it is time to evaluate your own decision-making processes. Start by identifying opportunities in your daily life where you can apply rational thinking. You may be surprised at how often you encounter decision-making scenarios. From determining what to have for breakfast, choosing the route for your daily commute to making important business decisions, rational thinking can be applied intelligibly.

Continuous Improvement

Enriching rational thinking skills isn’t a process that happens overnight. It requires sustained effort and continuous learning.

• Try to maintain a continuous self-awareness of your decision-making processes.
• Aim to always gather relevant information before making decisions.
• Strive to interpret the given information objectively without any personal bias.
• Ensure to consider all possible options and outcomes before coming to a conclusion.

In addition, developing patience is equally critical as rushing through decisions can lead to errors in judgment.

“Genius might be the ability to say a profound thing in a simple way.” ~ Charles Bukowski

The beauty of rational thinking lies in its simplicity. It’s about being grounded in reality, and making decisions logically.

Further Resources

While this post provides a good starting point, there’s much more to explore when it comes to rational thinking and decision making. Books, online courses, and workshops can provide in-depth information and practical exercises to help you further improve your rational thinking skills. Search for resources that best suit your learning style, and make a commitment to continuous growth.

Remember, every decision we make shapes our life. Thus, each decision, no matter how small, should be made after thorough rational consideration. Adopt rational thinking today and make it an integral part of your daily life. Your future self will thank you!

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Rational Decision Making: The 7-Step Process for Making Logical Decisions

Published: October 17, 2023

Psychology tells us that emotions drive our behavior, while logic only justifies our actions after the fact . Marketing confirms this theory. Humans associate the same personality traits with brands as they do with people — choosing your favorite brand is like choosing your best friend or significant other. We go with the option that makes us feel something.

But emotions can cloud your reasoning, especially when you need to do something that could cause internal pain, like giving constructive criticism, or moving on from something you’re attached to, like scrapping a favorite topic from your team's content calendar.

There’s a way to suppress this emotional bias, though. It’s a thought process that’s completely objective and data-driven. It's called the rational decision making model, and it will help you make logically sound decisions even in situations with major ramifications , like pivoting your entire blogging strategy.

But before we learn each step of this powerful process, let’s go over what exactly rational decision making is and why it’s important.

What is Rational Decision Making?

Rational decision making is a problem-solving methodology that factors in objectivity and logic instead of subjectivity and intuition to achieve a goal. The goal of rational decision making is to identify a problem, pick a solution between multiple alternatives, and find an answer.

Rational decision making is an important skill to possess, especially in the digital marketing industry. Humans are inherently emotional, so our biases and beliefs can blur our perception of reality. Fortunately, data sharpens our view. By showing us how our audience actually interacts with our brand, data liberates us from relying on our assumptions to determine what our audience likes about us.

Rational Decision Making Model: 7 Easy Steps(+ Examples)

1. Verify and define your problem.

To prove that you actually have a problem, you need evidence for it. Most marketers think data is the silver bullet that can diagnose any issue in our strategy, but you actually need to extract insights from your data to prove anything. If you don’t, you’re just looking at a bunch of numbers packed into a spreadsheet.

To pinpoint your specific problem, collect as much data from your area of need and analyze it to find any alarming patterns or trends.

“After analyzing our blog traffic report, we now know why our traffic has plateaued for the past year — our organic traffic increases slightly month over month but our email and social traffic decrease.”

2. Research and brainstorm possible solutions for your problem.

Expanding your pool of potential solutions boosts your chances of solving your problem. To find as many potential solutions as possible, you should gather plenty of information about your problem from your own knowledge and the internet. You can also brainstorm with others to uncover more possible solutions.

Potential Solution 1: “We could focus on growing organic, email, and social traffic all at the same time."

Potential Solution 2: “We could focus on growing email and social traffic at the same time — organic traffic already increases month over month while traffic from email and social decrease.”

Potential Solution 3: "We could solely focus on growing social traffic — growing social traffic is easier than growing email and organic traffic at the same time. We also have 2 million followers on Facebook, so we could push our posts to a ton of readers."

Potential Solution 4: "We could solely focus on growing email traffic — growing email traffic is easier than growing social and organic traffic at the same time. We also have 250,000 blog subscribers, so we could push our posts to a ton of readers."

Potential Solution 5: "We could solely focus on growing organic traffic — growing organic traffic is easier than growing social and email traffic at the same time. We also just implemented a pillar-cluster model to boost our domain’s authority, so we could attract a ton of readers from Google."

3. Set standards of success and failure for your potential solutions.

Setting a threshold to measure your solutions' success and failure lets you determine which ones can actually solve your problem. Your standard of success shouldn’t be too high, though. You’d never be able to find a solution. But if your standards are realistic, quantifiable, and focused, you’ll be able to find one.

“If one of our solutions increases our total traffic by 10%, we should consider it a practical way to overcome our traffic plateau.”

4. Flesh out the potential results of each solution.

Next, you should determine each of your solutions’ consequences. To do so, create a strength and weaknesses table for each alternative and compare them to each other. You should also prioritize your solutions in a list from best chance to solve the problem to worst chance.

Potential Result 1: ‘Growing organic, email, and social traffic at the same time could pay a lot of dividends, but our team doesn’t have enough time or resources to optimize all three channels.”

Potential Result 2: “Growing email and social traffic at the same time would marginally increase overall traffic — both channels only account for 20% of our total traffic."

Potential Result 3: “Growing social traffic by posting a blog post everyday on Facebook is challenging because the platform doesn’t elevate links in the news feed and the channel only accounts for 5% of our blog traffic. Focusing solely on social would produce minimal results.”

Potential Result 4: “Growing email traffic by sending two emails per day to our blog subscribers is challenging because we already send one email to subscribers everyday and the channel only accounts for 15% of our blog traffic. Focusing on email would produce minimal results.”

Potential Result 5: “Growing organic traffic by targeting high search volume keywords for all of our new posts is the easiest way to grow our blog’s overall traffic. We have a high domain authority, Google refers 80% of our total traffic, and we just implemented a pillar-cluster model. Focusing on organic would produce the most results.”

5. Choose the best solution and test it.

Based on the evaluation of your potential solutions, choose the best one and test it. You can start monitoring your preliminary results during this stage too.

“Focusing on organic traffic seems to be the most effective and realistic play for us. Let’s test an organic-only strategy where we only create new content that has current or potential search volume and fits into our pillar cluster model.”

6. Track and analyze the results of your test.

Track and analyze your results to see if your solution actually solved your problem.

“After a month of testing, our blog traffic has increased by 14% and our organic traffic has increased by 21%.”

7. Implement the solution or test a new one.

If your potential solution passed your test and solved your problem, then it’s the most rational decision you can make. You should implement it to completely solve your current problem or any other related problems in the future. If the solution didn’t solve your problem, then test another potential solution that you came up with.

“The results from solely focusing on organic surpassed our threshold of success. From now on, we’re pivoting to an organic-only strategy, where we’ll only create new blog content that has current or future search volume and fits into our pillar cluster model.”

Avoid Bias With A Rational Decision Making Process

As humans, it’s natural for our emotions to take over your decision making process. And that’s okay. Sometimes, emotional decisions are better than logical ones. But when you really need to prioritize logic over emotion, arming your mind with the rational decision making model can help you suppress your emotion bias and be as objective as possible.

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The SkillsYouNeed Guide to Interpersonal Skills

Making decisions and solving problems are two key areas in life, whether you are at home or at work. Whatever you’re doing, and wherever you are, you are faced with countless decisions and problems, both small and large, every day.

Many decisions and problems are so small that we may not even notice them. Even small decisions, however, can be overwhelming to some people. They may come to a halt as they consider their dilemma and try to decide what to do.

Small and Large Decisions

In your day-to-day life you're likely to encounter numerous 'small decisions', including, for example:

Tea or coffee?

What shall I have in my sandwich? Or should I have a salad instead today?

What shall I wear today?

Larger decisions may occur less frequently but may include:

Should we repaint the kitchen? If so, what colour?

Should we relocate?

Should I propose to my partner? Do I really want to spend the rest of my life with him/her?

These decisions, and others like them, may take considerable time and effort to make.

The relationship between decision-making and problem-solving is complex. Decision-making is perhaps best thought of as a key part of problem-solving: one part of the overall process.

Our approach at Skills You Need is to set out a framework to help guide you through the decision-making process. You won’t always need to use the whole framework, or even use it at all, but you may find it useful if you are a bit ‘stuck’ and need something to help you make a difficult decision.

Decision Making

Effective Decision-Making

This page provides information about ways of making a decision, including basing it on logic or emotion (‘gut feeling’). It also explains what can stop you making an effective decision, including too much or too little information, and not really caring about the outcome.

A Decision-Making Framework

This page sets out one possible framework for decision-making.

The framework described is quite extensive, and may seem quite formal. But it is also a helpful process to run through in a briefer form, for smaller problems, as it will help you to make sure that you really do have all the information that you need.

Problem Solving

Introduction to Problem-Solving

This page provides a general introduction to the idea of problem-solving. It explores the idea of goals (things that you want to achieve) and barriers (things that may prevent you from achieving your goals), and explains the problem-solving process at a broad level.

The first stage in solving any problem is to identify it, and then break it down into its component parts. Even the biggest, most intractable-seeming problems, can become much more manageable if they are broken down into smaller parts. This page provides some advice about techniques you can use to do so.

Sometimes, the possible options to address your problem are obvious. At other times, you may need to involve others, or think more laterally to find alternatives. This page explains some principles, and some tools and techniques to help you do so.

Having generated solutions, you need to decide which one to take, which is where decision-making meets problem-solving. But once decided, there is another step: to deliver on your decision, and then see if your chosen solution works. This page helps you through this process.

‘Social’ problems are those that we encounter in everyday life, including money trouble, problems with other people, health problems and crime. These problems, like any others, are best solved using a framework to identify the problem, work out the options for addressing it, and then deciding which option to use.

This page provides more information about the key skills needed for practical problem-solving in real life.

Further Reading from Skills You Need

The Skills You Need Guide to Interpersonal Skills eBooks.

Develop your interpersonal skills with our series of eBooks. Learn about and improve your communication skills, tackle conflict resolution, mediate in difficult situations, and develop your emotional intelligence.

Guiding you through the key skills needed in life

As always at Skills You Need, our approach to these key skills is to provide practical ways to manage the process, and to develop your skills.

Neither problem-solving nor decision-making is an intrinsically difficult process and we hope you will find our pages useful in developing your skills.

Start with: Decision Making Problem Solving

See also: Improving Communication Interpersonal Communication Skills Building Confidence

How to Think Critically: Strategies for Effective Decision-Making

Annie Walls

Critical thinking is an essential skill that allows individuals to analyze information, evaluate arguments, and make informed decisions. By employing critical thinking strategies, individuals can overcome biases, consider multiple perspectives, and arrive at well-reasoned judgments. In this article, we will explore the concept of critical thinking, discuss strategies for developing critical thinking skills, examine how critical thinking can be applied in decision-making, and provide tips for improving critical thinking abilities. By the end, readers will have a better understanding of how to think critically and make effective decisions.

Key Takeaways

• Critical thinking involves analyzing information, evaluating arguments, and making informed decisions.
• Developing critical thinking skills requires practicing analytical thinking, logical reasoning, problem-solving, and creativity.
• Applying critical thinking in decision-making involves gathering and evaluating information, identifying assumptions and biases, considering multiple perspectives, and making informed judgments.
• Cognitive biases, such as confirmation bias and availability bias, can hinder critical thinking and decision-making.
• Improving critical thinking skills can be achieved through reflection, seeking feedback, engaging in debates, and continual learning.

Understanding Critical Thinking

Defining critical thinking.

Critical thinking is a vital skill that allows individuals to analyze and evaluate information objectively, enabling them to make informed decisions. It involves the ability to question assumptions, consider multiple perspectives, and identify biases. By developing critical thinking skills , individuals can enhance their problem-solving abilities and become more effective decision-makers.

Importance of Critical Thinking

Critical thinking is a crucial skill that enables individuals to analyze and evaluate information objectively. It helps in making informed decisions, solving complex problems, and avoiding biases and fallacies. Developing critical thinking skills is essential in today's fast-paced and information-driven world.

Characteristics of a Critical Thinker

A critical thinker possesses several key characteristics that set them apart from others. They have the ability to think independently and objectively, questioning assumptions and seeking evidence to support their conclusions. Curiosity is a fundamental trait of a critical thinker, as they are constantly seeking new information and perspectives. They are also open-minded, willing to consider different viewpoints and evaluate them based on their merits. Additionally, critical thinkers are analytical and have strong problem-solving skills, allowing them to break down complex issues into manageable parts and develop effective solutions.

Developing Critical Thinking Skills

Analytical thinking.

Analytical thinking is a crucial skill for critical thinkers. It involves breaking down complex problems into smaller components and examining them systematically. By analyzing data, facts, and evidence, individuals can gain a deeper understanding of the issue at hand. Analytical thinking allows for objective evaluation and logical reasoning, enabling individuals to make informed decisions.

One effective way to present structured, quantitative data is through a Markdown table. Tables can provide a clear and concise overview of information, making it easier to identify patterns and trends. When using a table, it is important to ensure that the formatting is correct and the data is presented in a succinct manner.

In addition to tables, bulleted or numbered lists can be used to present less structured content. Lists are useful for outlining steps, qualitative points, or a series of related items. They provide a clear and organized format that is easy to follow and understand.

Remember, when analyzing data and information, it is important to remain objective and consider all perspectives. Avoid biases and assumptions that may cloud your judgment.

Improving analytical thinking skills requires practice and continual learning. By regularly engaging in analytical exercises and seeking feedback, individuals can enhance their ability to think critically and make sound decisions.

Logical Reasoning

Logical reasoning is a crucial aspect of critical thinking. It involves the ability to analyze and evaluate arguments based on their logical structure and validity. Sound reasoning allows us to make rational decisions and draw accurate conclusions. Here are some key points to consider when engaging in logical reasoning:

• Identify the premises and conclusions of an argument
• Evaluate the strength of the evidence and reasoning
• Recognize logical fallacies

Remember, logical reasoning is not about personal opinions or emotions, but rather about using objective and rational thinking to arrive at well-founded judgments.

Tip: When evaluating arguments, it can be helpful to break them down into their components and assess each part individually.

Problem Solving

Problem solving is a crucial skill in critical thinking. It involves identifying and analyzing problems, generating potential solutions, and evaluating the effectiveness of those solutions. Creativity plays a significant role in problem solving as it allows for the generation of innovative and out-of-the-box solutions. When faced with a problem, it is important to approach it with an open mind and think creatively to find the best possible solution.

Here are some strategies that can be helpful in problem solving:

• Brainstorming : This technique involves generating a large number of ideas without judgment. It encourages free thinking and allows for the exploration of various possibilities.
• Mind mapping : Mind mapping is a visual technique that helps organize thoughts and ideas. It allows for the identification of relationships between different elements and can aid in finding creative solutions.

Remember, problem solving requires both analytical thinking and creativity. By combining these two skills, you can approach problems from different angles and find innovative solutions.

Creativity and Innovation

Creativity and innovation are essential components of critical thinking. Creativity involves generating new ideas, concepts, and solutions, while innovation is the process of implementing these ideas to create value. In the context of decision-making, creativity and innovation play a crucial role in finding unique and effective solutions to problems.

To foster creativity and innovation, individuals can employ various techniques and strategies. Some of these include:

• Brainstorming : This technique involves generating a large number of ideas without judgment or evaluation. It encourages free thinking and allows for the exploration of different possibilities.
• Mind Mapping : Mind mapping is a visual technique that helps organize thoughts and ideas. It allows for the connection of related concepts and the exploration of different relationships.
• Divergent Thinking : Divergent thinking involves thinking outside the box and considering multiple perspectives and possibilities.

By incorporating these techniques, individuals can enhance their creative and innovative thinking abilities, leading to more effective decision-making processes.

Applying Critical Thinking in Decision-Making

Gathering and evaluating information.

Gathering and evaluating information is a crucial step in the critical thinking process. It involves collecting relevant data and facts from reliable sources to inform decision-making. This step helps ensure that decisions are based on accurate and up-to-date information. To gather information effectively, it is important to:

Identifying Assumptions and Biases

When making decisions, it is important to be aware of the assumptions and biases that may influence our thinking. Assumptions are beliefs or ideas that we take for granted without questioning them. They can shape our perception of a situation and affect the choices we make. Biases, on the other hand, are preconceived notions or prejudices that can cloud our judgment. They can lead us to favor certain options or overlook important information.

To identify assumptions and biases, it is helpful to engage in critical thinking and reflection. We can ask ourselves questions like:

• What assumptions am I making about this situation?
• Are these assumptions based on evidence or personal beliefs?
• Am I favoring certain options because of my biases?

By challenging our assumptions and biases, we can make more informed decisions and avoid potential pitfalls. It is important to approach decision-making with an open mind and consider multiple perspectives. This can help us overcome biases and make choices that are based on rational thinking and evidence.

Considering Multiple Perspectives

When making decisions, it is important to consider multiple perspectives to gain a comprehensive understanding of the situation. Empathy plays a crucial role in this process, as it allows us to put ourselves in others' shoes and understand their viewpoints.

One way to incorporate multiple perspectives is by engaging in active listening . This involves giving full attention to the speaker, suspending judgment, and seeking to understand their point of view. By actively listening, we can gain valuable insights and challenge our own assumptions.

Another strategy is to seek diverse opinions . This can be done by involving individuals with different backgrounds, experiences, and expertise in the decision-making process. By doing so, we can uncover blind spots, identify potential risks, and generate innovative solutions.

It is also important to consider the long-term consequences of our decisions. This requires thinking beyond immediate outcomes and considering how different perspectives may impact various stakeholders over time.

Remember, considering multiple perspectives allows us to make more informed and well-rounded decisions.

Making Informed Judgments

Making informed judgments is a crucial aspect of critical thinking. It involves carefully evaluating the available information and considering multiple perspectives before reaching a conclusion. By gathering and analyzing relevant data, we can make more informed decisions that are based on evidence rather than assumptions or biases. It is important to be aware of our own biases and assumptions and actively seek out diverse viewpoints to ensure a well-rounded judgment. Additionally, considering the potential consequences of our decisions can help us make more ethical and responsible choices.

Overcoming Cognitive Biases

Confirmation bias.

Confirmation bias is a common cognitive bias that affects our decision-making process. It refers to the tendency to seek out and interpret information in a way that confirms our preexisting beliefs or hypotheses. This bias can lead us to ignore or dismiss evidence that contradicts our beliefs, and instead, focus on information that supports what we already think.

One way to overcome confirmation bias is to actively seek out information that challenges our beliefs. By exposing ourselves to different perspectives and considering alternative viewpoints, we can broaden our understanding and make more informed decisions.

Here are a few strategies to help overcome confirmation bias:

• Engage in critical thinking and question your own assumptions.
• Seek out diverse sources of information and consider multiple viewpoints.
• Challenge your own beliefs and be open to changing your mind.

Remember, overcoming confirmation bias is crucial for effective decision-making and critical thinking.

Availability Bias

Availability bias is a cognitive bias that occurs when people rely on immediate examples or information that comes to mind when making decisions or judgments. It is a mental shortcut that can lead to errors in thinking and decision-making. When people are influenced by availability bias, they tend to overestimate the likelihood of events or situations that are easily recalled or readily available in their memory. This bias can impact various aspects of life, including personal relationships, financial decisions, and even professional judgments.

Anchoring Bias

Anchoring bias is a cognitive bias that occurs when individuals rely too heavily on an initial piece of information (the anchor) when making decisions or judgments. This bias can lead to errors in judgment and decision-making, as it limits the consideration of other relevant information. For example, if a person is given a high price as the anchor for a product, they may perceive any subsequent lower price as a good deal, even if it is still relatively expensive.

To overcome anchoring bias, it is important to be aware of its influence and actively seek out additional information and perspectives. By considering a wider range of information and challenging the initial anchor, individuals can make more informed and unbiased decisions.

Here are some strategies to overcome anchoring bias:

• Question the initial anchor: Instead of accepting the initial information as the sole basis for decision-making, question its validity and consider alternative anchors.
• Seek diverse perspectives: Engage with different viewpoints and gather a variety of opinions to broaden your understanding of the situation.
• Use decision-making frameworks: Utilize structured decision-making frameworks that encourage a systematic evaluation of all relevant factors.

Remember, anchoring bias can limit your ability to make objective decisions. By actively challenging the initial anchor and considering a wider range of information, you can overcome this bias and make more informed choices.

Hindsight Bias

Hindsight bias is a cognitive bias that refers to the tendency of individuals to believe that an event was more predictable or foreseeable than it actually was, after it has occurred. This bias often leads people to overestimate their ability to have predicted an outcome or to believe that they would have made different decisions if they had known the outcome beforehand.

To overcome hindsight bias, it is important to recognize that the outcome of an event does not necessarily reflect the quality of the decision-making process. It is crucial to evaluate decisions based on the information available at the time and to avoid judging them solely based on the outcome.

Here are some strategies to help overcome hindsight bias:

• Practice self-reflection and analyze your decision-making process without the influence of hindsight.
• Seek feedback from others to gain different perspectives and insights.
• Consider alternative explanations and possibilities that could have influenced the outcome.
• Continually learn and update your knowledge and skills to make more informed decisions in the future.

Remember, overcoming hindsight bias requires conscious effort and a willingness to challenge your own assumptions and beliefs.

Improving Critical Thinking Skills

Practicing reflection.

Reflection is a crucial component of developing critical thinking skills. It involves taking the time to analyze and evaluate our thoughts, actions, and experiences. By reflecting on our decision-making processes, we can gain valuable insights and identify areas for improvement.

One effective way to practice reflection is through journaling. By writing down our thoughts and experiences, we can better understand our own biases, assumptions, and patterns of thinking. Journaling also allows us to track our progress and identify any recurring challenges or obstacles.

Additionally, engaging in meaningful conversations with others can provide different perspectives and challenge our own beliefs. By actively listening and considering alternative viewpoints, we can broaden our understanding and enhance our critical thinking abilities.

Remember, reflection is not a one-time activity but an ongoing practice. By regularly reflecting on our thoughts and actions, we can continue to refine our critical thinking skills and make more informed decisions.

Seeking Feedback

Seeking feedback is an essential part of developing critical thinking skills. By actively seeking input from others, we can gain valuable insights and different perspectives that can help us refine our ideas and improve our decision-making. Feedback can come from various sources, such as colleagues, mentors, or even customers. It is important to approach feedback with an open mind and a willingness to learn and grow. Receiving constructive criticism can be challenging, but it is an opportunity for personal and professional development. By incorporating feedback into our thought process, we can enhance our critical thinking abilities and make more informed judgments.

Engaging in Debates

Engaging in debates is a valuable way to enhance critical thinking skills and broaden your perspective. It allows you to challenge your own beliefs and consider alternative viewpoints. When engaging in debates, it is important to approach the discussion with an open mind and a willingness to listen to others. Active listening is key to understanding different perspectives and finding common ground.

To make the most out of debates, consider the following:

• Prepare : Research the topic beforehand to gather relevant information and evidence to support your arguments.
• Stay focused : Stick to the topic at hand and avoid personal attacks or getting off track.
• Respectful communication : Use respectful language and tone when expressing your opinions and engaging with others.

Remember, the goal of a debate is not necessarily to win, but to exchange ideas and gain a deeper understanding of the topic. By engaging in debates, you can sharpen your critical thinking skills and become a more effective decision-maker.

Continual Learning

Continual learning is a key aspect of developing critical thinking skills. It involves actively seeking out new knowledge and information, and continuously expanding one's understanding of various subjects. By engaging in continual learning, individuals can stay updated with the latest developments in their field and broaden their perspectives. This can be done through various methods such as reading books and articles, attending workshops and seminars, taking online courses, or participating in professional development programs. Embracing a growth mindset and being open to learning from different sources can greatly enhance one's critical thinking abilities.

Improving Critical Thinking Skills is essential in today's fast-paced and complex world. It allows us to analyze information, solve problems, and make informed decisions. Whether you're a student, professional, or entrepreneur, honing your critical thinking skills can greatly benefit your personal and professional life. By developing the ability to think critically, you can navigate through challenges, identify opportunities, and come up with innovative solutions. If you're looking to enhance your critical thinking skills, visit Keynote Speaker James Taylor's website. James Taylor is an internationally recognized leader in business creativity and innovation. His website offers valuable resources, insights, and strategies to help you improve your critical thinking abilities. Don't miss out on this opportunity to take your thinking to the next level!

In conclusion, developing critical thinking skills is essential for effective decision-making. By employing strategies such as analyzing information , evaluating evidence , and considering alternative perspectives , individuals can make more informed choices. Critical thinking allows us to navigate complex situations, challenge assumptions, and arrive at well-reasoned conclusions. It is a valuable skill that can be honed through practice and application in various aspects of life. So, start cultivating your critical thinking abilities today and enhance your decision-making prowess.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is critical thinking.

Critical thinking is the ability to analyze and evaluate information objectively, using logical reasoning and evidence-based decision-making.

Why is critical thinking important?

Critical thinking is important because it helps individuals make informed decisions, solve problems effectively, and avoid biases and fallacies.

What are the characteristics of a critical thinker?

Critical thinkers are open-minded, curious, logical, reflective, and able to consider multiple perspectives.

How can I develop analytical thinking skills?

You can develop analytical thinking skills by practicing observation, analysis, interpretation, and evaluation of information and data.

What is logical reasoning?

Logical reasoning is the process of using valid and reliable evidence to support arguments and make logical conclusions.

How can critical thinking be applied in decision-making?

Critical thinking can be applied in decision-making by gathering and evaluating relevant information, identifying assumptions and biases, considering multiple perspectives, and making informed judgments.

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• Critical Thinking

Decision-making and Problem-solving

Appreciate the complexities involved in decision-making & problem solving.

Develop evidence to support views

Analyze situations carefully

Discuss subjects in an organized way

Predict the consequences of actions

Weigh alternatives

Generate and organize ideas

Form and apply concepts

Design systematic plans of action

A 5-Step Problem-Solving Strategy

Specify the problem – a first step to solving a problem is to identify it as specifically as possible.  It involves evaluating the present state and determining how it differs from the goal state.

Analyze the problem – analyzing the problem involves learning as much as you can about it.  It may be necessary to look beyond the obvious, surface situation, to stretch your imagination and reach for more creative options.

seek other perspectives

be flexible in your analysis

consider various strands of impact

brainstorm about all possibilities and implications

research problems for which you lack complete information. Get help.

Formulate possible solutions – identify a wide range of possible solutions.

try to think of all possible solutions

be creative

consider similar problems and how you have solved them

Evaluate possible solutions – weigh the advantages and disadvantages of each solution.  Think through each solution and consider how, when, and where you could accomplish each.  Consider both immediate and long-term results.  Mapping your solutions can be helpful at this stage.

Choose a solution – consider 3 factors:

compatibility with your priorities

amount of risk

practicality

Keys to Problem Solving

Think aloud – problem solving is a cognitive, mental process.  Thinking aloud or talking yourself through the steps of problem solving is useful.  Hearing yourself think can facilitate the process.

Allow time for ideas to "gel" or consolidate.  If time permits, give yourself time for solutions to develop.  Distance from a problem can allow you to clear your mind and get a new perspective.

Talk about the problem – describing the problem to someone else and talking about it can often make a problem become more clear and defined so that a new solution will surface.

Decision Making Strategies

Decision making is a process of identifying and evaluating choices.  We make numerous decisions every day and our decisions may range from routine, every-day types of decisions to those decisions which will have far reaching impacts.  The types of decisions we make are routine, impulsive, and reasoned.  Deciding what to eat for breakfast is a routine decision; deciding to do or buy something at the last minute is considered an impulsive decision; and choosing your college major is, hopefully, a reasoned decision.  College coursework often requires you to make the latter, or reasoned decisions.

Decision making has much in common with problem solving.  In problem solving you identify and evaluate solution paths; in decision making you make a similar discovery and evaluation of alternatives.  The crux of decision making, then, is the careful identification and evaluation of alternatives.  As you weigh alternatives, use the following suggestions:

Consider the outcome each is likely to produce, in both the short term and the long term.

Compare alternatives based on how easily you can accomplish each.

Evaluate possible negative side effects each may produce.

Consider the risk involved in each.

Be creative, original; don't eliminate alternatives because you have not heard or used them before.

An important part of decision making is to predict both short-term and long-term outcomes for each alternative.  You may find that while an alternative seems most desirable at the present, it may pose problems or complications over a longer time period.

• Uses of Critical Thinking
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• Recognize and Value Various Viewpoints
• Appreciating the Complexities Involved in Decision-Making and Problem-Solving
• Being a Responsible Critical Thinker & Collaborating with Others
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What Is Cognitive Psychology?

The Science of How We Think

Topics in Cognitive Psychology

• Current Research
• Cognitive Approach in Practice

Careers in Cognitive Psychology

How cognitive psychology differs from other branches of psychology, frequently asked questions.

Cognitive psychology is the study of internal mental processes—all of the workings inside your brain, including perception, thinking, memory, attention, language, problem-solving, and learning. Learning about how people think and process information helps researchers and psychologists understand the human brain and assist people with psychological difficulties.

This article discusses what cognitive psychology is—its history, current trends, practical applications, and career paths.

Findings from cognitive psychology help us understand how people think, including how they acquire and store memories. By knowing more about how these processes work, psychologists can develop new ways of helping people with cognitive problems.

Cognitive psychologists explore a wide variety of topics related to thinking processes. Some of these include: 

• Attention --our ability to process information in the environment while tuning out irrelevant details
• Choice-based behavior --actions driven by a choice among other possibilities
• Decision-making
• Information processing
• Language acquisition --how we learn to read, write, and express ourselves
• Problem-solving
• Speech perception -how we process what others are saying
• Visual perception --how we see the physical world around us

History of Cognitive Psychology

Although it is a relatively young branch of psychology , it has quickly grown to become one of the most popular subfields. Cognitive psychology grew into prominence between the 1950s and 1970s.

Prior to this time, behaviorism was the dominant perspective in psychology. This theory holds that we learn all our behaviors from interacting with our environment. It focuses strictly on observable behavior, not thought and emotion. Then, researchers became more interested in the internal processes that affect behavior instead of just the behavior itself. 

This shift is often referred to as the cognitive revolution in psychology. During this time, a great deal of research on topics including memory, attention, and language acquisition began to emerge. 

In 1967, the psychologist Ulric Neisser introduced the term cognitive psychology, which he defined as the study of the processes behind the perception, transformation, storage, and recovery of information.

Cognitive psychology became more prominent after the 1950s as a result of the cognitive revolution.

Current Research in Cognitive Psychology

The field of cognitive psychology is both broad and diverse. It touches on many aspects of daily life. There are numerous practical applications for this research, such as providing help coping with memory disorders, making better decisions , recovering from brain injury, treating learning disorders, and structuring educational curricula to enhance learning.

Current research on cognitive psychology helps play a role in how professionals approach the treatment of mental illness, traumatic brain injury, and degenerative brain diseases.

Thanks to the work of cognitive psychologists, we can better pinpoint ways to measure human intellectual abilities, develop new strategies to combat memory problems, and decode the workings of the human brain—all of which ultimately have a powerful impact on how we treat cognitive disorders.

The field of cognitive psychology is a rapidly growing area that continues to add to our understanding of the many influences that mental processes have on our health and daily lives.

From understanding how cognitive processes change as a child develops to looking at how the brain transforms sensory inputs into perceptions, cognitive psychology has helped us gain a deeper and richer understanding of the many mental events that contribute to our daily existence and overall well-being.

The Cognitive Approach in Practice

In addition to adding to our understanding of how the human mind works, the field of cognitive psychology has also had an impact on approaches to mental health. Before the 1970s, many mental health treatments were focused more on psychoanalytic , behavioral , and humanistic approaches.

The so-called "cognitive revolution" put a greater emphasis on understanding the way people process information and how thinking patterns might contribute to psychological distress. Thanks to research in this area, new approaches to treatment were developed to help treat depression, anxiety, phobias, and other psychological disorders .

Cognitive behavioral therapy and rational emotive behavior therapy are two methods in which clients and therapists focus on the underlying cognitions, or thoughts, that contribute to psychological distress.

What Is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy?

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an approach that helps clients identify irrational beliefs and other cognitive distortions that are in conflict with reality and then aid them in replacing such thoughts with more realistic, healthy beliefs.

If you are experiencing symptoms of a psychological disorder that would benefit from the use of cognitive approaches, you might see a psychologist who has specific training in these cognitive treatment methods.

These professionals frequently go by titles other than cognitive psychologists, such as psychiatrists, clinical psychologists , or counseling psychologists , but many of the strategies they use are rooted in the cognitive tradition.

Many cognitive psychologists specialize in research with universities or government agencies. Others take a clinical focus and work directly with people who are experiencing challenges related to mental processes. They work in hospitals, mental health clinics, and private practices.

Research psychologists in this area often concentrate on a particular topic, such as memory. Others work directly on health concerns related to cognition, such as degenerative brain disorders and brain injuries.

Treatments rooted in cognitive research focus on helping people replace negative thought patterns with more positive, realistic ones. With the help of cognitive psychologists, people are often able to find ways to cope and even overcome such difficulties.

Reasons to Consult a Cognitive Psychologist

• Alzheimer's disease, dementia, or memory loss
• Brain trauma treatment
• Cognitive therapy for a mental health condition
• Interventions for learning disabilities
• Perceptual or sensory issues
• Therapy for a speech or language disorder

Whereas behavioral and some other realms of psychology focus on actions--which are external and observable--cognitive psychology is instead concerned with the thought processes behind the behavior. Cognitive psychologists see the mind as if it were a computer, taking in and processing information, and seek to understand the various factors involved.

A Word From Verywell

Cognitive psychology plays an important role in understanding the processes of memory, attention, and learning. It can also provide insights into cognitive conditions that may affect how people function.

Being diagnosed with a brain or cognitive health problem can be daunting, but it is important to remember that you are not alone. Together with a healthcare provider, you can come up with an effective treatment plan to help address brain health and cognitive problems.

Your treatment may involve consulting with a cognitive psychologist who has a background in the specific area of concern that you are facing, or you may be referred to another mental health professional that has training and experience with your particular condition.

Ulric Neisser is considered the founder of cognitive psychology. He was the first to introduce the term and to define the field of cognitive psychology. His primary interests were in the areas of perception and memory, but he suggested that all aspects of human thought and behavior were relevant to the study of cognition.

A cognitive map refers to a mental representation of an environment. Such maps can be formed through observation as well as through trial and error. These cognitive maps allow people to orient themselves in their environment.

While they share some similarities, there are some important differences between cognitive neuroscience and cognitive psychology. While cognitive psychology focuses on thinking processes, cognitive neuroscience is focused on finding connections between thinking and specific brain activity. Cognitive neuroscience also looks at the underlying biology that influences how information is processed.

Cognitive psychology is a form of experimental psychology. Cognitive psychologists use experimental methods to study the internal mental processes that play a role in behavior.

Sternberg RJ, Sternberg K. Cognitive Psychology . Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. 

Krapfl JE. Behaviorism and society . Behav Anal. 2016;39(1):123-9. doi:10.1007/s40614-016-0063-8

Cutting JE. Ulric Neisser (1928-2012) . Am Psychol . 2012;67(6):492. doi:10.1037/a0029351

Ruggiero GM, Spada MM, Caselli G, Sassaroli S. A historical and theoretical review of cognitive behavioral therapies: from structural self-knowledge to functional processes .  J Ration Emot Cogn Behav Ther . 2018;36(4):378-403. doi:10.1007/s10942-018-0292-8

Parvin P. Ulric Neisser, cognitive psychology pioneer, dies . Emory News Center.

APA Dictionary of Psychology. Cognitive map . American Psychological Association.

Forstmann BU, Wagenmakers EJ, Eichele T, Brown S, Serences JT. Reciprocal relations between cognitive neuroscience and formal cognitive models: opposites attract? . Trends Cogn Sci . 2011;15(6):272-279. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.04.002

By Kendra Cherry, MSEd Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

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3 Ways to Improve Your Decision Making

• Walter Frick

First, be less certain — about everything.

To get better at making decisions, you have to improve your ability to make predictions (how different choices change the likelihood of different outcomes) and your judgment (how desirable each of those outcomes is). While there are countless ways to work on these two skills, there are three simple rules that can help the most. First, be less certain. We’re all more confident about each step of the decision-making process than we ought to be. What else would you think about if you were less sure that A would cause B, or that B is preferable to C? Second, always ask yourself ask “How often does that typically happen?” If you think outcome B is preferable to outcome C, you might ask: How often has that historically been the case? Third, brush up on your understanding of probability. Research has shown that even basic training in probability makes people better forecasters and helps them avoid certain cognitive biases.

To make a good decision, you need to have a sense of two things: how different choices change the likelihood of different outcomes and how desirable each of those outcomes is. In other words, as Ajay Agrawal, Joshua Gans, and Avi Goldfarb have written , decision making requires both prediction and judgment.

• Walter Frick is a contributing editor at Harvard Business Review , where he was formerly a senior editor and deputy editor of HBR.org. He is the founder of Nonrival , a newsletter where readers make crowdsourced predictions about economics and business. He has been an executive editor at Quartz as well as a Knight Visiting Fellow at Harvard’s Nieman Foundation for Journalism and an Assembly Fellow at Harvard’s Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society. He has also written for The Atlantic , MIT Technology Review , The Boston Globe , and the BBC, among other publications.

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Accessing Your Wise Mind: A Balanced Approach to Decision-Making

Life often presents us with challenges that require a balanced approach to decision-making, one that takes into account both rational thinking and emotions. Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), a form of cognitive-behavioural therapy, offers a concept called the “Wise Mind” to help us navigate these complex situations. Wise Mind is the intersection of our emotional and reasonable minds, allowing us to make decisions that are both intellectually sound and in tune with our feelings. By harnessing the power of Wise Mind, we can develop a more holistic understanding of our experiences and make choices that align with our true selves.

The concept of Wise Mind is based on the idea that our minds function in three states: Reasonable Mind, Emotional Mind, and Wise Mind. While the Reasonable Mind is cool, rational, and task-focused, the Emotional Mind is hot, mood-dependent, and emotion-focused. Although both of these states can provide valuable insight, relying on one state exclusively can lead to unbalanced decision-making. Wise Mind, on the other hand, is a state of mind that integrates both reason and emotion, offering us the ability to make well-rounded decisions that reflect our thoughts, feelings, and values.

In this blog post, we will explore the three states of mind, learn to recognize situations that call for Wise Mind and discover techniques to access this balanced state of decision-making. By the end, you’ll have the tools to practice Wise Mind in your daily life, leading to more thoughtful and fulfilling choices.

Understanding the Three States of Mind

Reasonable Mind

Characteristics : The Reasonable Mind is the cool, rational, and task-focused state of our consciousness. When we are operating from this state, we approach situations with a level-headed perspective, carefully analyzing problems and potential solutions using logical reasoning. This part of our mind excels at organizing information, evaluating options, and making decisions based on objective data.

Governed by : This state of mind is driven by facts, reasonable thinking, and logic. It relies on objective information to make decisions and solve problems, prioritizing rationality over emotional input.

Limitations : While the Reasonable Mind is useful for making objective decisions, it has its limitations. When operating solely from this state, actions taken may not consider emotions or felt sense, which can lead to choices that don’t align with our true feelings or values. By neglecting our emotional experiences, we may miss crucial insights that could inform our decision-making process.

Emotional Mind

Characteristics : The Emotional Mind, in contrast, is hot, mood-dependent, and emotion-focused. It’s the part of us that responds to situations based on our feelings, moods, and urges, often leading to impulsive actions. This state of mind is highly sensitive to our emotional experiences and can influence our reactions to various situations.

Governed by : Emotional Mind is driven by moods, feelings, and urges. It relies on subjective experiences to make decisions and navigate life’s challenges, prioritizing emotional responses over logical thinking.

Limitations : While the Emotional Mind can provide valuable insight into our emotional experiences, it also has limitations. When operating solely from this state, actions taken are often impulsive and focused on alleviating distress in the short term, potentially leading to regret or unintended consequences. Relying exclusively on our emotions for decision-making may cause us to overlook critical rational considerations, resulting in choices that may not serve our best interests.

The wisdom within you : Wise Mind is the balanced state that arises when we integrate Reasonable and Emotional Minds. It’s the inner wisdom that we can tap into when we learn to value both reason and emotions, enabling us to make decisions that are grounded in logic while also honouring our feelings. Accessing this state allows us to find harmony between our thoughts and emotions, leading to more satisfying and well-informed choices.

Values both reason and emotions : Wise Mind recognizes the importance of both rational thinking and emotional experiences. It understands that making well-rounded decisions requires considering both objective information and subjective feelings, allowing us to achieve a more holistic perspective on any given situation.

Where reason and emotion overlap : Wise Mind exists at the intersection of the Reasonable and Emotional Minds. It’s the state of mind that allows us to access the best of both worlds, leading to decisions that reflect our thoughts, feelings, and values. By cultivating our Wise Mind, we can navigate life’s challenges with a greater sense of balance, self-awareness, and inner wisdom.

Recognizing When to Use Wise Mind

First, let’s explore when Emotional Mind tends to dominate our thinking. In certain situations, our Emotional Mind may take over, leading us to make decisions based solely on our feelings. Some common examples of such situations include arguments with a partner or stress at work. In these instances, our emotional reactions might drive us to lash out, avoid conflicts, or make impulsive choices without considering the long-term consequences. By recognizing when our Emotional Mind is dominating, we can begin to work towards accessing our Wise Mind for a more balanced approach.

Next, let’s think about when Reasonable Mind tends to be our state of mind. Conversely, there are situations where our Reasonable Mind may be in control, causing us to rely solely on logic and rational thinking. Examples of these situations might include making a pros and cons list for a relationship or forcing yourself through a stressful work situation. While it might seem practical to rely on objective information in these cases, disregarding our emotions can lead to unfulfilling choices that don’t resonate with our true feelings. Recognizing when our Reasonable Mind is dominating allows us to strive for a more balanced decision-making process by integrating our emotions.

So what are the limitations of thinking solely in Emotional Mind or Reasonable Mind? Operating exclusively from either the Emotional or Reasonable Mind has its drawbacks. When we rely solely on our emotions, we may make impulsive decisions that don’t serve our long-term interests, potentially leading to regret or unintended consequences. On the other hand, when we depend entirely on rational thinking, we risk neglecting our feelings and making choices that don’t align with our values or emotional well-being.

By acknowledging the limitations of both Emotional and Reasonable Minds, we can start to appreciate the benefits of tapping into our Wise Mind. Accessing Wise Mind allows us to take a more balanced approach to decision-making, one that takes into account both our rational thoughts and emotional experiences. This holistic perspective enables us to make more thoughtful choices that are better aligned with our true selves.

Accessing Wise Mind: Techniques and Exercises

Creating distance from thoughts and emotions

• Practicing mindfulness: Mindfulness practice can help you become more aware of your thoughts and emotions, allowing you to create distance from them. By observing your thoughts and feelings without judgment, you can gain a better understanding of your mental state and work towards accessing your Wise Mind.
• Calming the mind: Techniques such as meditation, deep breathing, or progressive muscle relaxation can help you calm your mind, making it easier to access your Wise Mind. By quieting your mental chatter, you create space for insight and inner wisdom to arise.
• Allowing insight and inner wisdom to arise: With practice, you will begin to notice moments when your Wise Mind emerges. Allow these moments of insight and inner wisdom to surface without forcing them, and be open to the guidance they offer.

Developing intuition and inner wisdom

• Asking yourself: To tap into your Wise Mind, ask yourself questions such as “What feels right?” and “Does this feel true to myself?” These inquiries encourage you to explore both your rational thoughts and emotional experiences.
• Listening for the answers without judgment: When you ask yourself these questions, be open to the answers that arise without judging them. This non-judgmental attitude helps you cultivate a deeper connection with your Wise Mind.

Breathing exercises

• The stone flake on a lake visualization: Close your eyes and imagine a stone flake floating gently on a lake. As the flake sinks, notice the serenity and calm of the water. Settle your attention on this peaceful image, and use it as an anchor to help you access your Wise Mind.
• Breathing in to ask a question and breathing out to listen for the answer: Use your breath to guide your inquiry. Inhale as you silently ask a question, and exhale as you listen for the answer. Remember not to force the answer, but simply be open to whatever arises.

Wise Mind exercises

• Identifying a problem that has been bothering you: Choose a problem or situation that has been causing you distress or occupying your thoughts.
• Observe the answer without judgment: Once you’ve asked your Wise Mind a question, pay attention to the answer that arises, without evaluating or critiquing it.
• Determining if the answer considers both rational thinking and emotions: Reflect on the answer you received and assess whether it takes into account both logical reasoning and your emotional experiences.
• Observing and describing the thoughts that arise: Allow your mind to naturally explore the problem, and observe the thoughts and feelings that surface.
• Determining if you’re in Wise Mind: Reflect on the thoughts and emotions that emerged, and consider whether your perspective is grounded in both rational thinking and emotional awareness. If so, you are operating from your Wise Mind.

In summary, using Wise Mind in decision-making and problem-solving is crucial for achieving a balanced approach that takes into account both rational thinking and emotional experiences. By accessing our Wise Mind, we can make more thoughtful, well-rounded decisions that are better aligned with our true selves and values. This integration of Reasonable and Emotional Minds enables us to navigate life’s challenges with greater clarity and wisdom.

We encourage you to practice accessing your Wise Mind regularly and apply it to various situations in your life. Whether you’re facing personal or professional dilemmas, cultivating a connection with your Wise Mind can lead to more fulfilling choices and a greater sense of inner harmony. Remember, developing a relationship with your Wise Mind takes time and practice, so be patient with yourself as you embark on this journey of self-discovery and growth. By incorporating the techniques and exercises outlined in this blog post, you can begin to harness the power of your Wise Mind and live a more balanced, intentional life.

Disclaimer : This blog shares general information only, not professional advice or recommendations. Consult healthcare providers for personal guidance. Decisions based on content are the reader's responsibility. Thank you.

Clayre Sessoms

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More From Forbes

The power of critical thinking: enhancing decision-making and problem-solving.

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Dr. Ron Young, Founder and Board Chair of Trove, Inc . Ron specializes in psychological coaching & transition consulting.

Critical thinking is a fundamental cognitive process that enables individuals to objectively analyze, evaluate and interpret information to make informed decisions and solve complex problems. It involves employing reasoning and logic, questioning assumptions, recognizing biases and considering multiple perspectives. It requires self-monitored, self-directed, self-disciplined and self-corrective thinking. Critical thinking is essential in a world of information and diverse opinions. It helps us see things more clearly and avoid being misled or deceived.

Importance Of Critical Thinking

Critical thinking is crucial in various aspects of life, including education, professional endeavors and personal decision-making. In academic settings, it allows students to comprehend and engage with complex subjects while discerning valid arguments from fallacious ones. In the workplace, critical thinking empowers individuals to analyze problems, devise creative solutions and make informed judgments. In everyday life, it helps individuals navigate an increasingly complex world by making sound choices and avoiding cognitive biases. It is our primary defense against misleading or "spun" information.

Benefits Of Critical Thinking

There are many benefits of critical thinking.

Enhanced Decision-Making

Critical thinking helps us trust our gut feelings and think independently. It enables individuals to make logical and well-reasoned decisions based on evidence and objective analysis. It encourages the consideration of all relevant factors and the evaluation of potential consequences, leading to more informed choices.

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Best 5% interest savings accounts of 2024, effective problem-solving.

Critical thinking facilitates the identification of underlying issues, the generation of innovative solutions and the evaluation of their viability. It encourages individuals to approach problems from different angles and consider various perspectives, increasing the likelihood of finding effective resolutions.

Reduction Of Cognitive Biases

Critical thinking supports self-reflection. It helps individuals recognize and challenge cognitive biases that hinder clear judgment. Individuals can better overcome confirmation bias, groupthink and the availability heuristic (judging the likelihood of an event based on recall of similar events) by understanding and questioning their assumptions and beliefs. It requires a commitment to overcoming the tendency to see the world from a narrow, self-centered perspective.

Enhanced Communication Skills

Practicing critical thinking fosters effective communication by enabling individuals to articulate and defend their ideas with logical reasoning and evidence. It encourages active listening, empathy and the ability to evaluate and respond to counterarguments, leading to more constructive and meaningful discussions.

More United Citizens

Using critical thinking enables citizens to see the whole picture by better protecting against biases and propaganda. It reduces partisanship and a “we/they” mentality.

Cultivating Critical Thinking

How can you cultivate critical thinking?

Be curious and inquisitive.

Foster a mindset of curiosity and an eagerness to explore and understand the world. Talk with people from different backgrounds, cultures, political affiliations or religions. Ask probing questions, seek new perspectives and engage in active learning. Learn from people who hold different viewpoints.

Develop analytical skills.

You can do this by learning to break down complex problems into manageable parts, recognize patterns and identify cause-and-effect relationships. Remember, not all opinions are equal, and some are flat-out wrong.

Evaluate information.

Develop skills to evaluate the credibility and reliability of information sources. Be aware of bias, assess evidence and differentiate between fact and opinion. Guard against "swallowing information whole" or believing that "If it's on the internet, it must be true."

Practice reflection.

Engage in reflective thinking by evaluating your thoughts, beliefs and assumptions. Consider alternative viewpoints, and be open to changing your perspective based on new information.

Embrace intellectual humility.

Be humble and aware that you could be wrong. Knowledge is an ongoing process; be open to admitting mistakes or gaps in understanding. Embrace a growth mindset that values continuous learning and improvement.

Develop your sense of belonging.

The third tier in Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a sense of belonging. One aspect of belonging is connection. All humans have this need. Without critical thinking, we are vulnerable to making our group's beliefs our own rather than evaluating which beliefs align with our values.

Align your view and your values.

Rather than defining yourself by a particular view, ask whether a different view aligns with your values. When we identify ourselves by the beliefs of our reference group (religious, political, etc.), we look for ways to justify our ideas. In doing so, we deny ourselves access to critical thinking.

Evidence Of Critical Thinking

When you practice critical thinking, it will be evident in several areas:

Evidence-Based Decision-Making

Rely on facts rather than emotions or personal biases. Follow five distinct steps, called the five A’s : ask, access, appraise, apply and audit. Gather relevant information, evaluate the evidence objectively and consider different perspectives before making decisions. Then reevaluate them as you learn new information.

Problem-Solving

Approach problems systematically by defining the issue, gathering relevant data, brainstorming potential solutions and evaluating feasibility. Engage in collaborative problem-solving to benefit from diverse perspectives. Open-mindedly consider alternative systems of thought. Recognize assumptions, implications and practical consequences, then adjust as needed.

Effective Communication

Solve complex problems by clearly and effectively communicating with others. Utilize critical thinking skills to articulate your thoughts clearly, listen actively and engage in respectful and constructive dialogue. Challenge ideas through logical arguments and evidence rather than resorting to personal attacks. Respecting people with different views does not mean you agree with their opinions. Evaluate, formulate and communicate questions with clarity and precision.

Continuous Learning

Apply critical thinking to ongoing personal and professional development. Seek opportunities for further education, engage in intellectual discourse and actively challenge your beliefs and assumptions.

Using Critical Thinking

Critical thinking is a powerful cognitive tool that empowers individuals to navigate the complexities of the modern world. Critical thinking enhances decision-making, problem-solving and communication abilities by fostering logical reasoning, analytical skills and an open mindset. It enables individuals to overcome cognitive biases, evaluate information effectively and make informed choices. Cultivating and applying critical thinking skills benefits individuals and contributes to a more thoughtful and rational society. Embracing critical thinking is essential for fostering intellectual growth, facilitating progress and addressing the challenges of the 21st century.

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What Is Intuition and Why Is It Important? 5 Examples

Or it’s that moment when you sense kindness, or fear, in another’s face. You don’t know why you feel that way; it’s just a hunch.

But what is it? After all, researchers can’t see it in the brain.

While understanding intuition offers a considerable challenge for science, broadly speaking, it involves “ learned responses that are not the outcomes of deliberate processes ” (Hogarth, 2010).

In this article, we look at the lightning-fast, mostly hidden processes involved in intuition, their effect on decision making, and their role in creativity.

Before you continue, we thought you might like to download our three Strengths Exercises for free . These detailed, science-based exercises will help you or your clients realize your unique potential and create a life that feels energized and authentic.

This Article Contains:

What is intuition 5 real-life examples, how does intuition work psychology theories, is intuition important, instinct, logic, or intuition, its role in decision making, the link between intuition and creativity, 7 books on the topic, positivepsychology.com relevant resources, a take-home message.

Intuition is not logical. It is not the result of a set of considered steps that can be shared or explained. Instead, while based on deep-seated knowledge, the process feels natural, almost instinctual.

And yet, while intuition is quick and usually beneficial, it is not always entirely accurate. The subconscious brain attempts to recognize, process, and use patterns of thinking based on prior experience and a best guess.

Paradoxically, intuition feels unknowable. After all, you cannot explain the thinking behind a snap decision that appears out of nowhere.

It just happens.

While intuition occurs in your day-to-day life, it is sometimes most apparent in the decisions of experts. The specialist draws on years of experience, held in unconscious frameworks, to make fast, high-quality decisions (Nalliah, 2016).

1. Dentistry

Healthcare researchers found that experienced dentists often rely on intuition to make complex, time-bound decisions. Based on many years of deeply stored knowledge, choices are made quickly and are often superior to those that rely on clear evidence and rational thought (Nalliah, 2016).

2. Business

Perhaps surprisingly, many of the world’s most influential businesspeople admit to making decisions based on intuition rather than logical, deliberate thinking.

Out of a sample of 36 CEOs, 85% confirmed that intuition – in the form of rules of thumb (ROTs) – was central to their decision-making process (Maidique, 2014).

The following list comes from the former president of Lenovo, William Amelio:

• Focus on a few crucial decisions.
• A decision is better than no decision, but don’t let it run too far if it’s not working.
• Trust your intuition.
• Communicate big decisions regularly and frequently.
• Don’t tolerate jerks.
• Build a team you can trust.
• Get feedback early and regularly, and act on it.
• Earn others’ trust and confidence.
• Gain credibility by showing your vulnerabilities.
• You have strengths; use them.

3. The stag hunt game

Intuition forms an essential part of both work and play.

The stag hunt game involves strategy, trust, and intuition. Players choose, in secret, to either cooperate or compete against one another.

The use of intuition is associated with time pressure, and learned heuristics (another word for ROTs) play an essential role in winning the game (Belloc, Bilancini, Boncinelli, & D’Alessandro, 2019).

4. Stockbrokers

Human intuition is massively important – an evolved function fundamental to our ancestors’ survival – but it can be mistaken.

In an annual competition by The Wall Street Journal , teams competed on how their stocks performed. But while one side was a group of highly skilled expert brokers, the other was a group of journalists choosing their shares by the throw of a dart.

Intuitively, expertise should win.

And yet, it appears, that wasn’t true in this case. The contest ceased without explanation, most likely to avoid the stockbrokers’ embarrassment (Arkes & Kajdasz, 2011).

In 1983, Gianfranco Becchina had a rare sixth-century sculpture for sale with a staggering $10 million price tag. The Getty Museum, having reviewed X-rays, expert testimony, and historical documentation, agreed to its purchase amid considerable media hype.

However, when Evelyn Harrison, a renowned expert on Greek sculptures, and Thomas Hoving, former director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, arrived to admire the statue, they knew, intuitively, something was wrong.

According to Hoving, it seemed “fresh,” which was unexpected as the 2,000-year-old statue had been taken out of the ground.

And they were right. While the sculpture was from a workshop in Rome, it originated from a forger in 1980, rather than a master sculptor from antiquity (Gladwell, 2005).

While we can observe people’s behavior, even with the advances made in brain imaging , we cannot – yet – see the thought processes that go on behind the scenes (Hogarth, 2010).

What does psychology have to say about intuition, when much of what happens in the brain is invisible – like looking at the outside of a black box?

Many scientists propose a dual-process theory – decision-making processes split between intuitive (experiential or tacit) and analytical (rational or deliberate).

In Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking , Malcolm Gladwell (2005) describes the two different approaches as blinking , when intuition is used, and thinking , when an analysis is performed.

There can be as much value in the blink of an eye as in months of rational analysis.

Malcolm Gladwell

Intuition (or blinking) typically refers to the use of knowledge that is not explicit and in popular culture might be described as a “hunch” or “women’s intuition.”

When it happens, it’s hard to quantify or define, but it is there. As with the following thought:

I had a feeling there was something wrong; she just didn’t seem like herself.

Hogarth (2010) suggests “ the essence of intuition or intuitive responses is that they are reached with little apparent effort, and typically without conscious awareness. They involve little or no conscious deliberation. ”

Seymour Epstein (2010) offers a further, complementary insight: “ Intuition involves a sense of knowing without knowing how one knows ” based on the unconscious processing of information.

Intuitions also appear to be holistic – combining insights from multiple sources and often requiring a leap in thinking based on limited information.

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Processes involved in intuition

Herbert Simon’s research in the 1950s into the concept of bounded rationality guides much of the work on intuition. Simon suggested that people often make decisions – and reduce their cognitive load – based on what is good enough.

Rather than arriving at complete and entirely correct answers, when faced with specific tasks, we often resort to heuristics – or rules of thumb – that help form intuitive judgments (Simon, 1955).

The use of heuristics is considered commonplace and the default approach for making decisions (Epstein, 2010).

The process of recognition – a fundamental evolved function – is also crucial to intuition. It appears separate from other parts of the human memory in the brain, capable of persisting in the most challenging conditions with accuracy sufficient for practical purposes.

Intuition appears to rely on the automation of the decision-making process.

Newly learned tasks often rely on declarative knowledge; we must consciously consider each move or action. As a result of practice and learning, this knowledge becomes automated or procedural. Such tasks are acted out without conscious intervention, saving significant processing power and freeing the mind to focus on more intensive or newly acquired actions.

Forward and backward inferences also play an essential role in intuition (Hogarth, 2010). The knowledge we have acquired through experience helps us predict, intuitively, where the ball will land or why the child tripped and take action.

Indeed, the vast knowledge we build up over time allows real-world predictions, enabling us to act quickly and effectively in situations that most of us have encountered many times before.

Learning and retrieval are also highly relevant to successful intuitive processes.

Having experienced objects and scenes before, we are highly adept at pattern matching to support our ability to decide and act quickly and effectively.

For example, when we walk into a coffee shop, we recognize a cup as something we have seen many times before. We also understand, intuitively, that it is likely to be hot and easily spilled on an uneven surface.

Intuition appears to arise – like an epiphenomenon – out of the interaction of many distinctive cognitive processes, rather than a single one. They combine to deliver a fast and effective response when it is most needed.

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In a word, yes.

Intuition offers a reduction in overall cognitive load and the ability to respond instantly while providing confidence in our knowledge and decision making – even though it may defy analysis (Hogarth, 2010).

Such automatic thinking may benefit from, or be hampered by, experience.

When we receive a check at the end of a meal, we usually have an intuitive feel for its costs, based on experience. However, this may fail when we are in a new country or did not realize we had mistakenly chosen the most expensive wine in the cellar.

Intuition helps us survive by providing fast responses that, usually, offer an appropriate, immediate action to address a situation. Such responses rely heavily on “cultural capital,” learnings specific to the environment in which we find ourselves.

While this usually helps us, it can lead to bias and prejudice in our decision making – based on religion, culture, social, moral, and even political environments – and may need to be countered by rational thinking.

Indeed, “ intuition can be explicitly educated ,” says Hogarth (2010). By changing the content and environment surrounding our learning, we can lean toward more accurate and less biased, intuitive judgments.

The latter is hardwired, a less flexible, direct response to stimuli.

According to Merriam-Webster, instinct is “ a largely inheritable and unalterable tendency of an organism to make a complex and specific response to environmental stimuli without involving reason .”

It is, therefore, likely to engage less complicated or deep processing. Instinct is innate, inherited, and hardwired into our brain’s circuitry as a result of millions of years of evolution.

If a lion roars and I am unaware of it standing behind me, I jump, turn, and, most likely, run for the hills. This action is more primal than intuitive or analytical – though most likely, there are shades of gray.

Logic is analytical – the rational consideration of a problem. To complete our taxes, we rely on working through each question, completing each box and referencing spreadsheets, sticky notes, or boxes of receipts. Tax advisers are unlikely to appreciate completion using an intuitive, gut feeling regarding how much we owe.

The Power of Intuition – Katrine Kjaer

While we may be mostly unaware of our day-to-day decision making, it is likely to be a mix of intuitive and deliberate thinking (Hogarth, 2010).

And the role of intuition appears to be no different in our everyday thought processes than in more crucial decisions.

Intuitive decision making is based on our past experiences and, therefore, repeatedly successful in similar situations, where previous outcomes and learning were useful and accurate.

Where the current or future situation is significantly different, we must use our intuition with caution. Without rational analysis, any decision taken could be ineffective at best or dangerous at worst.

When it works well and time constraints are strict, intuition can provide fast, focused thinking (e.g., the boat is sinking or the bomb is ticking). When there is time to deliberate – how do we tackle global warming or racism? – we must rely on rational, evidence-based analysis.

Research at the University of South Wales confirmed that intuition significantly benefits decision making while adding that nonconscious information can increase decision accuracy, speed, and confidence (Lufityanto, Donkin, & Pearson, 2016).

And yet they both appear to involve the transformation of ideas into something tangible, novel, and valuable in communicating ideas and solving problems.

The idea that intuition is perceptual, subconsciously linking disparate pieces of information, also suggests considerable interplay with creativity. Both intuition and creativity appear, at some level, to combine data from multiple sources into something coherent (Raidl & Lubart, 2001).

Recent research has identified links between intuition and the early stages of the creative process, including idea generation and evaluation stages (Pétervári, Osman, & Bhattacharya, 2016).

You can learn to become more intuitive (Epstein, 2010). Use the following books to explore the topic further:

• Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking – Malcolm Gladwell ( Amazon )
• Educating Intuition – Robin Hogarth ( Amazon )
• The Myth of Experience: Why We Learn the Wrong Lessons, and Ways to Correct Them – Emre Soyer and Robin Hogarth ( Amazon )
• Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience – Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi ( Amazon )
• Risk Savvy: How to Make Good Decisions – Gerd Gigerenzer ( Amazon )
• Gut Feelings: The Intelligence of the Unconscious – Gerd Gigerenzer ( Amazon )
• Thinking, Fast and Slow – Daniel Kahneman ( Amazon )

17 Exercises To Discover & Unlock Strengths

Use these 17 Strength-Finding Exercises [PDF] to help others discover and leverage their unique strengths in life, promoting enhanced performance and flourishing.

Created by Experts. 100% Science-based.

We have many resources at PositivePsychology.com that will help you to explore personal development:

• Create a growth mindset by Breaking Out of the Comfort Zone , exploring new areas, and learning new skills.
• Increase your awareness of what is around you and what is happening inside your body and mind with the Being Present worksheet.
• Developing and Training Intuition is an article that can take you further on your intuition journey, and shares five exercises for your clients as well.

If you’re looking for more science-based ways to help others develop their strengths, this collection contains 17 strength-finding tools for practitioners. Use them to help others better understand and harness their strengths in life-enhancing ways.

Intuition is an incredibly powerful tool for decision making. It ensures we respond in the moment, freeing up valuable mental resources to tackle novel experiences and optimize learning.

While not infallible, intuition is invaluable.

Intuition provides us with a “gut” response – an inner voice ­– beyond logic or learned responses, revealing both who we are and the knowledge we have gained.

If we listen, we can benefit from the creativity it offers and the feeling of confidence that it brings. Let intuition help you grow and make time-critical decisions based on resources that are not always easily reached.

Recognize the circumstances when you are at your most intuitive. Find opportunities to recreate them and tap the potential for creativity and fast, insightful decision making.

We hope you enjoyed reading this article. Don’t forget to download our three Strengths Exercises for free .

• Arkes, H. R., & Kajdasz, J. (2011). Intuitive theories of behavior. In B. Fischhoff & C. Chauvin, Intelligence analysis: Behavioral and social scientific foundations . Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
• Belloc, M., Bilancini, E., Boncinelli, L., & D’Alessandro, S. (2019). Intuition and deliberation in the stag hunt game. Scientific Reports , 9 (1), 1–7.
• Briggs, K. C., & Myers, I. B. (1976). Myers–Briggs type indicator. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
• Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990).  Flow: The psychology of optimal experience.  Harper & Row.
• Epstein, S. (2010). Demystifying intuition: What it is, what it does, and how it does it. Psychological Inquiry , 21 (4), 295–312.
• Gigerenzer, G. (2007).  Gut feelings: The intelligence of the unconscious . Viking.
• Gigerenzer, G. (2013).  Risk savvy: How to make good decisions.  New York, NY: Penguin Books.
• Gladwell, M. (2005). Blink: The power of thinking without thinking. New York, NY: Penguin Books.
• Hogarth, R. M. (2001).  Educating intuition. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
• Hogarth, R. M. (2010). Intuition: A challenge for psychological research on decision making. Psychological Inquiry , 21 (4), 338–353.
• Kahneman, D. (2011).  Thinking, fast and slow . Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
• Lufityanto, G., Donkin, C., & Pearson, J. (2016). Measuring intuition. Psychological Science , 27 (5), 622–634.
• Maidique, M. (2014, July 23). Decoding intuition for more effective decision-making. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved August 12, 2020, from https://hbr.org/2011/08/decoding-intuition-for-more-ef
• Nalliah, R. P. (2016). Clinical decision making – Choosing between intuition, experience, and scientific evidence. British Dental Journal , 221 (12), 752–754.
• Pétervári, J., Osman, M., & Bhattacharya, J. (2016). The role of intuition in the generation and evaluation stages of creativity. Frontiers in Psychology, 7 .
• Raidl, M.H., & Lubart, T. I. (2001). An empirical study of intuition and creativity. Imagination, Cognition, and Personality , 20 (3), 217–230.
• Simon, H. A. (1955). A behavioural model of rational choice. Quarterly Journal of Economics , 69 , 99–118.
• Soyer, E., & Hogarth. H. M. (2020). The myth of experience: Why we learn the wrong lessons, and ways to correct them.  New York, NY: PublicAffairs.

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HELP ME WITH THIS QUESTION : WHY SHOULDN’T WE RELY ON INTUITION TO ANSWER QUESTIONS ABOUT HUMAN BEHAVIOR

This is a big question! And it depends on the situation and the stakes. For instance, it would be inappropriate to rely on intuition in, say, a court trial because the consequence of making an incorrect decision could drastically affect a person’s life. Likewise, relying on one’s gut during negotiations worth a lot of money to shareholders, and then making a wrong move, would be hard to explain. In these situations, where circumstances aren’t time-sensitive (e.g., you’re about to get socked in the face by a boxer) or other people have a stake in the outcome, a balanced weighing of a situation’s pros and cons is usually preferable.

I hope this helps! But there are probably lots of other reasons, too.

– Nicole | Community Manager

Because intuitivno deep down iz about dignety and so looks like mimicry.

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I’m glad this way of thinking is getting scientific recognition.

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Do Emotions Help or Hinder Rational Thinking?

More rational individuals show greater emotional awareness..

Posted August 13, 2022 | Reviewed by Kaja Perina

• A recent study found that people who score higher on tests of intelligence and rationality also score higher on tests of emotional skills.
• More intelligent, rational individuals paid more attention to emotions and were better at recognizing and responding to emotions.
• Ignoring emotions may lead to worse choices because a person works with less information.
• Suppressing emotions can also have negative consequences for both physical and mental health.

It’s not uncommon to hear that being “emotional” is the opposite of being “rational.” For many people, the idea of rationality evokes images of a person engaging in intelligent, calculated reasoning—ignoring the “illogical” influences of emotion . This suggests that there is no place for emotion in rational thinking. However, some recent work from our lab suggests the opposite. 1

We found that individuals who score higher on tests of intelligence and rationality don’t ignore emotions. Instead, they pay more attention to emotions, are better at recognizing and understanding emotions, and are better at using emotional information when making decisions.

While this might seem surprising at first, it makes more sense when you think about it a bit. In fact, it’d actually be quite odd if it were helpful to ignore emotions. This is because most intelligent decision-making requires emotional information. Emotions tell us what we want and what we don’t want, and we can’t make smart decisions without first knowing what our goals are.

For example, if I want to make my child happy, and I know they like video games, it would make sense for me to buy them a video game. But, if I instead want them to stay focused on homework and I believe a video game would distract them too much, then it wouldn’t make sense for me to buy them the video game. You can see from this example that a rational decision can’t be made unless I know multiple pieces of emotional information.

First, I needed to know what I wanted (i.e., what I expected would make me happy). Second, I needed to know how different decisions would change my child’s emotions (i.e., if the video game would make them happy and if it would make them distracted). So, it’s hard to see how rational decisions could even work without emotions.

Anticipating others’ emotions may help us be more effective leaders—allowing us to predict the way people will respond to what we say or do. Anticipating our own emotions can also make for much more effective long-term decisions. For example, if I predict I will feel anxious before giving a public speech, I might be motivated to practice a few more times. If I instead simply suppressed or ignored my anxiety , chances are I’d be more distracted on stage, and my speech wouldn’t go as smoothly.

It also turns out that chronically ignoring and suppressing emotions can amplify physical health problems by increasing blood pressure and inflammation. 2; 3; 4 In contrast, if you pay attention to your feelings and try to understand what’s causing them, you can often identify effective ways for keeping them at healthy levels and promoting your physical health at the same time. So, in the example above, anxiety motivated the “rational” choice to practice and give a better speech, which was the goal. It also helped maintain physical health.

There are many other examples where emotions can be helpful in serving our goals. For example, expressions of sadness often help us gain social support when we’ve experienced a loss, fear can help us detect and avoid legitimate dangers, and anger can motivate us to defend ourselves when others are disrespectful or are trying to prevent us from reaching our goals.

Of course, it’s important to identify situations where these emotional influences may not be helpful as well. Here, individuals who score higher on rationality tests may be better at reflecting on whether an emotion will be helpful or not in a given situation. They can then make their decision after giving it more thorough consideration. For example, expressing too much anger or sadness to your boss when you don’t get a promotion may not be in your best interest. But these emotions could motivate you to work harder toward getting the promotion next time.

With these ideas in mind, consider the specific findings of our recent study mentioned above. 1 This study used measures of cognitive skills associated with intelligence and rationality, and emotional skills, such as emotion recognition, emotional awareness, and the ability to effectively respond to (and modify) one’s own emotions and those of others (sometimes called “ emotion regulation ” or “emotion management ”).

Intelligence or IQ tests are well-known. These measure aspects of a person’s cognitive abilities, such as how good they are at spotting complex patterns or understanding abstract concepts. The key thing here is that IQ tests measure differences in how well people can perform when they are putting forth mental effort to do so. But some people with high IQ scores still make bad decisions. This is because they may not regularly put forth the mental effort to use their reasoning skills, even if they have them.

Rationality tests are different. They measure how often people actually do put forth mental effort when making choices; in other words, how often people stop and think through a problem before jumping to conclusions and making biased, unhelpful decisions.

Some rationality measures simply ask people to indicate how much they agree with statements such as: “I like to gather many different types of evidence before I decide what to do.” Other rationality tests ask people to solve specific word problems. For example, say I told you that a woman named Jane is politically liberal and an outspoken activist for human rights.

Then I asked you which is more probable: 1) Jane is a lawyer, or 2) Jane is a lawyer and a feminist. Previous work using similar questions has shown that many people are tempted to say the second answer is more probable since Jane sounds like she would be a feminist. 5 But this is actually the wrong answer.

If you stop and think it through—that is, if you act “rationally”—you realize that the probability that a person is one thing by itself (a lawyer) is always greater than or equal to the probability that they are one thing and another thing at the same time (being a lawyer and a feminist). If only some lawyers are feminists, then fewer people are both, and the probability must be less—, and if all lawyers were feminists, the probability of being both would be the same as the probability of only being a lawyer.

What we found in our study is that people who get these sorts of questions right also tend to have better emotional skills. They get more correct answers on tests of recognizing emotions in faces, and they are better at understanding and describing their own emotions. They also score better on multiple-choice tests that ask what types of responses are most likely to help a person feel better in difficult situations.

So, what does this mean for how we should think about rationality? Or for how we should think about emotions? One main takeaway is that if you want to be rational and make the best choices, you should not ignore your emotions. Instead, you should pay attention to your emotions and those of others, try to understand what they are and what’s causing them, and then use this knowledge to make more informed decisions. Ignoring emotions just means you have less information and that you’ll often be worse at choosing the most effective actions as a result.

Ignoring emotions also means you won’t be able to anticipate how others will respond to your decisions or be able to prepare for your own emotional responses in future scenarios—both of which could have major consequences for interactions with co-workers and for maintaining relationships.

Another takeaway is how this relates to physical and mental health. As mentioned above, suppressing emotions on a regular basis can make you more vulnerable to various physical health problems, especially in relation to cardiovascular and immune function. Most evidence-based psychotherapies—such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)—also teach people not to suppress emotions. Instead, they help people learn to pay attention to their emotions, understand them, and respond to them in more effective ways.

In general, if we want to be rational and make the best decisions, we should desire as much information as we can get—and information about emotions (both our own and those of others) can often be especially useful.

[1] R. Smith, M. Persich, R.D. Lane, and W.D.S. Killgore, Higher emotional awareness is associated with greater domain-general reflective tendencies. Scientific Reports 12 (2022) 3123.

[2] N.A. Roberts, R.W. Levenson, and J.J. Gross, Cardiovascular costs of emotion suppression cross ethnic lines. Int J Psychophysiol 70 (2008) 82-7.

[3] J.J. Gross, and R.W. Levenson, Hiding feelings: the acute effects of inhibiting negative and positive emotion. J Abnorm Psychol 106 (1997) 95-103.

[4] J.K. Kiecolt-Glaser, L. McGuire, T.F. Robles, and R. Glaser, Emotions, morbidity, and mortality: new perspectives from psychoneuroimmunology. Annu Rev Psychol 53 (2002) 83-107.

[5] A. Tversky, and D. Kahneman, Extensional versus intuitive reasoning: The conjunction fallacy in probability judgment. Psychological review 90 (1983) 293.

Ryan Smith, Ph.D. , is a Research Associate Professor at the Laureate Institute for Brain Research. His lab studies the way emotions influence perception and decision-making in the brain and how these processes are affected in psychiatric disorders.

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Sticking up for yourself is no easy task. But there are concrete skills you can use to hone your assertiveness and advocate for yourself.

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When problem solving and making decisions, your rational thought is centered in your O A. temporal lobe. O B. prefrontal cortex. O c. midbrain. O D. occipital lobe.

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