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Table of Contents | Supplemental Resources | Introduction (PDF)
Official source for APA Style The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition is the official source for APA Style.
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Guidelines for ethical writing and guidance on the publication process
Expanded student-specific resources; includes a sample paper
100+ new reference examples, 40+ sample tables and figures
New chapter on journal article reporting standards
Updated bias-free language guidelines; includes usage of singular “they”
One space after end punctuation!
Full color All formats are in full color, including the new tabbed spiral-bound version.
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New student resources Resources for students on writing and formatting annotated bibliographies, response papers, and other paper types as well as guidelines on citing course materials.
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New-user content Dedicated chapter for new users of APA Style covering paper elements and format, including sample papers for both professional authors and student writers.
Journal Article Reporting Standards New chapter on journal article reporting standards that includes updates to reporting standards for quantitative research and the first-ever qualitative and mixed methods reporting standards in APA Style.
Bias-free language guidelines New chapter on bias-free language guidelines for writing about people with respect and inclusivity in areas including age, disability, gender, participation in research, race and ethnicity, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, and intersectionality
100+ reference examples More than 100 new reference examples covering periodicals, books, audiovisual media, social media, webpages and websites, and legal resources.
40+ new sample tables and figures More than 40 new sample tables and figures, including student-friendly examples such as a correlation table and a bar chart as well as examples that show how to reproduce a table or figure from another source.
Ethics expanded Expanded guidance on ethical writing and publishing practices, including how to ensure the appropriate level of citation, avoid plagiarism and self-plagiarism, and navigate the publication process.
List of Tables and Figures
Editorial Staff and Contributors
Acknowledgments
Introduction (PDF, 94KB)
Types of Articles and Papers
1.1 Quantitative Articles 1.2 Qualitative Articles 1.3 Mixed Methods Articles 1.4 Replication Articles 1.5 Quantitative and Qualitative Meta-Analyses 1.6 Literature Review Articles 1.7 Theoretical Articles 1.8 Methodological Articles 1.9 Other Types of Articles 1.10 Student Papers, Dissertations, and Theses
Ethical, legal, and professional standards in publishing
Ensuring the Accuracy of Scientific Findings
1.11 Planning for Ethical Compliance 1.12 Ethical and Accurate Reporting of Research Results 1.13 Errors, Corrections, and Retractions After Publication 1.14 Data Retention and Sharing 1.15 Additional Data-Sharing Considerations for Qualitative Research 1.16 Duplicate and Piecemeal Publication of Data 1.17 Implications of Plagiarism and Self-Plagiarism
Protecting the Rights and Welfare of Research Participants and Subjects
1.18 Rights and Welfare of Research Participants and Subjects 1.19 Protecting Confidentiality 1.20 Conflict of Interest
Protecting Intellectual Property Rights
1.21 Publication Credit 1.22 Order of Authors 1.23 Authors’ Intellectual Property Rights During Manuscript Review 1.24 Authors’ Copyright on Unpublished Manuscripts 1.25 Ethical Compliance Checklist
Required Elements
2.1 Professional Paper Required Elements 2.2 Student Paper Required Elements
Paper Elements
2.3 Title Page 2.4 Title 2.5 Author Name (Byline) 2.6 Author Affiliation 2.7 Author Note 2.8 Running Head 2.9 Abstract 2.10 Keywords 2.11 Text (Body) 2.12 Reference List 2.13 Footnotes 2.14 Appendices 2.15 Supplemental Materials
2.16 Importance of Format 2.17 Order of Pages 2.18 Page Header 2.19 Font 2.20 Special Characters 2.21 Line Spacing 2.22 Margins 2.23 Paragraph Alignment 2.24 Paragraph Indentation 2.25 Paper Length
Organization
2.26 Principles of Organization 2.27 Heading Levels 2.28 Section Labels
Sample papers
Overview of Reporting Standards
3.1 Application of the Principles of JARS 3.2 Terminology Used in JARS
Common Reporting Standards Across Research Designs
3.3 Abstract Standards 3.4 Introduction Standards
Reporting Standards for Quantitative Research
3.5 Basic Expectations for Quantitative Research Reporting 3.6 Quantitative Method Standards 3.7 Quantitative Results Standards 3.8 Quantitative Discussion Standards 3.9 Additional Reporting Standards for Typical Experimental and Nonexperimental Studies 3.10 Reporting Standards for Special Designs 3.11 Standards for Analytic Approaches 3.12 Quantitative Meta-Analysis Standards
Reporting Standards for Qualitative Research
3.13 Basic Expectations for Qualitative Research Reporting 3.14 Qualitative Method Standards 3.15 Qualitative Findings or Results Standards 3.16 Qualitative Discussion Standards 3.17 Qualitative Meta-Analysis Standards
Reporting Standards for Mixed Methods Research
3.18 Basic Expectations for Mixed Methods Research Reporting
Effective scholarly writing
Continuity and Flow
4.1 Importance of Continuity and Flow 4.2 Transitions 4.3 Noun Strings
Conciseness and Clarity
4.4 Importance of Conciseness and Clarity 4.5 Wordiness and Redundancy 4.6 Sentence and Paragraph Length 4.7 Tone 4.8 Contractions and Colloquialisms 4.9 Jargon 4.10 Logical Comparisons 4.11 Anthropomorphism
Grammar and usage
4.12 Verb Tense 4.13 Active and Passive Voice 4.14 Mood 4.15 Subject and Verb Agreement
4.16 First- Versus Third-Person Pronouns 4.17 Editorial “We” 4.18 Singular “They” 4.19 Pronouns for People and Animals (“Who” vs. “That”) 4.20 Pronouns as Subjects and Objects (“Who” vs. “Whom”) 4.21 Pronouns in Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses (“That” vs. “Which”)
Sentence Construction
4.22 Subordinate Conjunctions 4.23 Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers 4.24 Parallel Construction
Strategies to Improve Your Writing
4.25 Reading to Learn Through Example 4.26 Writing From an Outline 4.27 Rereading the Draft 4.28 Seeking Help From Colleagues 4.29 Working With Copyeditors and Writing Centers 4.30 Revising a Paper
General Guidelines for Reducing Bias
5.1 Describe at the Appropriate Level of Specificity 5.2 Be Sensitive to Labels
Reducing Bias by Topic
5.3 Age 5.4 Disability 5.5 Gender 5.6 Participation in Research 5.7 Racial and Ethnic Identity 5.8 Sexual Orientation 5.9 Socioeconomic Status 5.10 Intersectionality
Punctuation
6.1 Spacing After Punctuation Marks 6.2 Period 6.3 Comma 6.4 Semicolon 6.5 Colon 6.6 Dash 6.7 Quotation Marks 6.8 Parentheses 6.9 Square Brackets 6.10 Slash
6.11 Preferred Spelling 6.12 Hyphenation
Capitalization
6.13 Words Beginning a Sentence 6.14 Proper Nouns and Trade Names 6.15 Job Titles and Positions 6.16 Diseases, Disorders, Therapies, Theories, and Related Terms 6.17 Titles of Works and Headings Within Works 6.18 Titles of Tests and Measures 6.19 Nouns Followed by Numerals or Letters 6.20 Names of Conditions or Groups in an Experiment 6.21 Names of Factors, Variables, and Effects
6.22 Use of Italics 6.23 Reverse Italics
Abbreviations
6.24 Use of Abbreviations 6.25 Definition of Abbreviations 6.26 Format of Abbreviations 6.27 Unit of Measurement Abbreviations 6.28 Time Abbreviations 6.29 Latin Abbreviations 6.30 Chemical Compound Abbreviations 6.31 Gene and Protein Name Abbreviations
6.32 Numbers Expressed in Numerals 6.33 Numbers Expressed in Words 6.34 Combining Numerals and Words to Express Numbers 6.35 Ordinal Numbers 6.36 Decimal Fractions 6.37 Roman Numerals 6.38 Commas in Numbers 6.39 Plurals of Numbers
Statistical and Mathematical Copy
6.40 Selecting Effective Presentation 6.41 References for Statistics 6.42 Formulas 6.43 Statistics in Text 6.44 Statistical Symbols and Abbreviations 6.45 Spacing, Alignment, and Punctuation for Statistics
Presentation of Equations
6.46 Equations in Text 6.47 Displayed Equations 6.48 Preparing Statistical and Mathematical Copy for Publication
6.49 List Guidelines 6.50 Lettered Lists 6.51 Numbered Lists 6.52 Bulleted Lists
General Guidelines for Tables and Figures
7.1 Purpose of Tables and Figures 7.2 Design and Preparation of Tables and Figures 7.3 Graphical Versus Textual Presentation 7.4 Formatting Tables and Figures 7.5 Referring to Tables and Figures in the Text 7.6 Placement of Tables and Figures 7.7 Reprinting or Adapting Tables and Figures
7.8 Principles of Table Construction 7.9 Table Components 7.10 Table Numbers 7.11 Table Titles 7.12 Table Headings 7.13 Table Body 7.14 Table Notes 7.15 Standard Abbreviations in Tables and Figures 7.16 Confidence Intervals in Tables 7.17 Table Borders and Shading 7.18 Long or Wide Tables 7.19 Relation Between Tables 7.20 Table Checklist 7.21 Sample Tables
Sample tables
7.22 Principles of Figure Construction 7.23 Figure Components 7.24 Figure Numbers 7.25 Figure Titles 7.26 Figure Images 7.27 Figure Legends 7.28 Figure Notes 7.29 Relation Between Figures 7.30 Photographs 7.31 Considerations for Electrophysiological, Radiological, Genetic, and Other Biological Data 7.32 Electrophysiological Data 7.33 Radiological (Imaging) Data 7.34 Genetic Data 7.35 Figure Checklist 7.36 Sample Figures
Sample figures
General Guidelines for Citation
8.1 Appropriate Level of Citation 8.2 Plagiarism 8.3 Self-Plagiarism 8.4 Correspondence Between Reference List and Text 8.5 Use of the Published Version or Archival Version 8.6 Primary and Secondary Sources
Works Requiring Special Approaches to Citation
8.7 Interviews 8.8 Classroom or Intranet Sources 8.9 Personal Communications
In-Text Citations
8.10 Author–Date Citation System 8.11 Parenthetical and Narrative Citations 8.12 Citing Multiple Works 8.13 Citing Specific Parts of a Source 8.14 Unknown or Anonymous Author 8.15 Translated, Reprinted, Republished, and Reissued Dates 8,16 Omitting the Year in Repeated Narrative Citations 8.17 Number of Authors to Include in In-Text Citations 8.18 Avoiding Ambiguity in In-Text Citations 8.19 Works With the Same Author and Same Date 8.20 Authors With the Same Surname 8.21 Abbreviating Group Authors 8.22 General Mentions of Websites, Periodicals, and Common Software and Apps
Paraphrases and Quotations
8.23 Principles of Paraphrasing 8.24 Long Paraphrases 8.25 Principles of Direct Quotation 8.26 Short Quotations (Fewer Than 40 Words) 8.27 Block Quotations (40 Words or More) 8.28 Direct Quotation of Material Without Page Numbers 8.29 Accuracy of Quotations 8.30 Changes to a Quotation Requiring No Explanation 8.31 Changes to a Quotation Requiring Explanation 8.32 Quotations That Contain Citations to Other Works 8.33 Quotations That Contain Material Already in Quotation Marks 8.34 Permission to Reprint or Adapt Lengthy Quotations 8.35 Epigraphs 8.36 Quotations From Research Participants
Reference Categories
9.1 Determining the Reference Category 9.2 Using the Webpages and Websites Reference Category 9.3 Online and Print References
Principles of Reference List Entries
9.4 Four Elements of a Reference 9.5 Punctuation Within Reference List Entries 9.6 Accuracy and Consistency in References
Reference elements
9.7 Definition of Author 9.8 Format of the Author Element 9.9 Spelling and Capitalization of Author Names 9.10 Identification of Specialized Roles 9.11 Group Authors 9.12 No Author
9.13 Definition of Date 9.14 Format of the Date Element 9.15 Updated or Reviewed Online Works 9.16 Retrieval Dates 9.17 No Date
9.18 Definition of Title 9.19 Format of the Title Element 9.20 Series and Multivolume Works 9.21 Bracketed Descriptions 9.22 No Title
9.23 Definition of Source 9.24 Format of the Source Element 9.25 Periodical Sources 9.26 Online Periodicals With Missing Information 9.27 Article Numbers 9.28 Edited Book Chapter and Reference Work Entry Sources 9.29 Publisher Sources 9.30 Database and Archive Sources 9.31 Works With Specific Locations 9.32 Social Media Sources 9.33 Website Sources 9.34 When to Include DOIs and URLs 9.35 Format of DOIs and URLs 9.36 DOI or URL Shorteners 9.37 No Source
Reference Variations
9.38 Works in Another Language 9.39 Translated Works 9.40 Reprinted Works 9.41 Republished or Reissued Works 9.42 Religious and Classical Works
Reference List Format and Order
9.43 Format of the Reference List 9.44 Order of Works in the Reference List 9.45 Order of Surname and Given Name 9.46 Order of Multiple Works by the Same First Author 9.47 Order of Works With the Same Author and Same Date 9.48 Order of Works by First Authors With the Same Surname 9.49 Order of Works With No Author or an Anonymous Author 9.50 Abbreviations in References 9.51 Annotated Bibliographies 9.52 References Included in a Meta-Analysis
Author Variations
Date Variations
Title Variations
Source Variations
Textual Works
10.1 Periodicals 10.2 Books and Reference Works 10.3 Edited Book Chapters and Entries in Reference Works 10.4 Reports and Gray Literature 10.5 Conference Sessions and Presentations 10.6 Dissertations and Theses 10.7 Reviews 10.8 Unpublished Works and Informally Published Works
Data Sets, Software, and Tests
10.9 Data Sets 10.10 Computer Software, Mobile Apps, Apparatuses, and Equipment 10.11 Tests, Scales, and Inventories
Audiovisual Media
10.12 Audiovisual Works 10.13 Audio Works 10.14 Visual Works
Online Media
10.15 Social Media 10.16 Webpages and Websites
General Guidelines for Legal References
11.1 APA Style References Versus Legal References 11.2 General Forms 11.3 In-Text Citations of Legal Materials
Legal Reference Examples
11.4 Cases or Court Decisions 11.5 Statutes (Laws and Acts) 11.6 Legislative Materials 11.7 Administrative and Executive Materials 11.8 Patents 11.9 Constitutions and Charters 11.10 Treaties and International Conventions
Preparing for Publication
12.1 Adapting a Dissertation or Thesis Into a Journal Article 12.2 Selecting a Journal for Publication 12.3 Prioritizing Potential Journals 12.4 Avoiding Predatory Journals
Understanding the Editorial Publication Process
12.5 Editorial Publication Process 12.6 Role of the Editors 12.7 Peer Review Process 12.8 Manuscript Decisions
Manuscript Preparation
12.9 Preparing the Manuscript for Submission 12.10 Using an Online Submission Portal 12.11 Writing a Cover Letter 12.12 Corresponding During Publication 12.13 Certifying Ethical Requirements
Copyright and Permission Guidelines
12.14 General Guidelines for Reprinting or Adapting Materials 12.15 Materials That Require Copyright Attribution 12.16 Copyright Status 12.17 Permission and Fair Use 12.18 Copyright Attribution Formats
During and After Publication
12.19 Article Proofs 12.20 Published Article Copyright Policies 12.21 Open Access Deposit Policies 12.22 Writing a Correction Notice 12.23 Sharing Your Article Online 12.24 Promoting Your Article
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Ethics Case Study – 6:
Ajay Mishra, a senior IAS officer has come to be known as an eccentric officer thanks to his show of brutal honesty in public service. But his friends and colleagues who know him personally respect and love him a lot for his vast knowledge and affability.
Recently he was shunted out of a prominent department as a punishment transfer as Managing Director to an ailing state cooperative milk federation. It was his fifth transfer in three years. Not able to cope up with her husband’s frequent transfers to east-west and north-south parts of the state, Ajay’s wife is sick for many years now and the children have moved out to foreign countries on the pretext of higher studies never to come back.
The chairman of state milk federation is a powerful politician very close to the Chief Minister. Ajay, in his first month of duty itself comes to know about many irregularities in the functioning of the federation and high-handedness of the chairman in financial matters.
A board member belonging to a political party opposed to that of the chairman and who has a good chance of becoming chairman once the incumbent steps down or resigns, meets Ajay privately and hands over few documents and a secret video recording where the chairman appears to be demanding huge bribe for releasing funds to district milk unions. The video clearly shows that it is indeed the chairman asking a director of a district union for bribe.
As soon as Ajay took over incharge as MD, the chairman was demanding speedy disbursal of funds to district unions which was pending for many months.
Ajay confronted the board member why he didn’t go public with the video himself. The member told him that he is actually blackmailing the chairman for some time now and he is not yielding to his threats as he is being shielded by the CM. The board member now wants MD to confront the chairman and go public himself as this would give the MD fame and public support. The board member has had requested leader of the opposition party to pressurize Ajay and it had worked too. Ajay is now being pressurized by prominent leaders of the opposition parties, privately, to go against the chairman. They are offering him a lucrative post in the capital once they come to power. And they want to embarrass the government.
Ajay, if he confronts the chairman, is sure to be transferred immediately to a distant district again. His wife whose mental status is deteriorating day by day is not in a condition to move again to a new place.
On the other hand, the opposition party is gaining ground in the state and is sure to come back to power soon. The board member wants to use Ajay for his political gain by using him as pawn.
What should be Ajay Mishra’s course of action in the present situation? (250 Words)
Contaminated water, lead poisoning and Legionaries’ disease sounds like a crisis from another era, but it occurred in Flint, Michigan, starting in April 2014. Flint was started by a fur trader, but its modern heritage largely comes from its role as a leading manufacturer of cars.
General Motors (GM) was founded there in 1908. Economic depression hit the city in the 1980s in part due to GM closing several plants in the area. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, currently it has around 100,000 residents, and 41.6% of those residents live below the poverty line.
The city’s finances also suffered. In 2011, Flint’s finances were taken over by the state due to a $25 million deficit. In that same year, the Flint water service had a $9 million deficit. The water in the Flint River, which would now flow to the city of Flint had been known to be of poor quality since the 1970s.
Despite this information, in an effort to reduce costs, Flint government officials switched the city to using water from the Flint River instead of from nearby Detroit in 2014. Originally, the plan was to only use this setup temporarily until a new water system was built. Soon after the switch, residents starting complaining about the “color, taste and odor,” of the water and to also report rashes and concerns about bacteria. GM even stopped using the Flint municipal water due to it corroding car parts. In August and September 2014, city officials issued boil water advisories due to high levels of coliform bacteria that could be signs E. coli and other organisms were in the water supply. A class-action lawsuit stated the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ) was not treating the water of the Flint River with an anti-corrosive agent, violating federal law.
In October 2014, Susan Bohm, a disease specialist in the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (MHHS) wrote colleagues in her agency to document a conversation with Liane Shekter Smith (fired in February 2016), the state’s top drinking water official, about problems with the water supply.
“What she did share with me was interesting – that there have been numerous complaints about the Flint water, that the governor’s office had been involved and that any announcement by public health about the quality of the water would certainly inflame the situation.”
Although Gov. Snyder’s staffers say they didn’t learn about lead exposure and Legionnaires’ diseases outbreaks from the Flint water system until March 2015, this email suggests they did in October 2014, which was before the governor’s re-election. However, MHHS spokeswoman, Jennifer Eisner states Bohm’s email was only speaking to issues such as odd color, strange taste, and disinfection issues not knowledge of Legionnaires’ disease and lead contamination in the water supply.
In a January 22, 2015 email, Mike Prysby, a district engineer with MDEQ’s drinking water division wrote to Stephen Bush, the district supervisor, “Appears certain state departments are concerned with Flint's WQ (water quality). I will return the call..." A year later, Bush was suspended without pay for his role in the crisis. Flint city officials sent residents a letter informing them the water they were now using could cause an increased risk of cancer over time.
The state found that the level of disinfectants in the water exceeded the Safe Drinking Water Act’s threshold. A few days after this finding was made public, the water authority offered to reconnect Flint to Lake Huron’s water supply waiving the $4 million fee. However, Flint city officials declined the offer stating water fees could raise to more than $12 million each year. It is interesting to note that state government emails released by the liberal group, Progress Michigan, found that while state officials were telling Flint residents not to worry about drinking their tap water, these same officials had a cooler with purified water to avoid drinking Flint tap water while at work in Flint’s state office.
The questions about an outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease continued. In a February 5, 2015 email to Howard Croft, then-director of Flint’s Department of Public Works, James Henry, a Genesee County environmental health supervisor wrote about the difficulties he had with gaining access to information about Flint’s water supply.
“The Genesee County Health Department has attempted to obtain specific information regarding the Flint water distribution system from your office since November 2014. Your office has not provided a return phone call or response to emails. A Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request was sent electronically and mailed to your office on January 27, 2015, in attempt to obtain information. The response from your office on February 4, 2015, did not include any information that was requested. I am still hopeful that we can work collaboratively to protect the health of the community and resolve any issues with the Flint water supply.”
In March 2015, MDEQ Communications Director, Brad Wurfel, stated in an email to Harvey Hollin, the governor’s director of urban initiatives, and MDEQ director (at the time) Dan Wyatt, 40 cases of Legionnaire’s disease were reported in Genesee County since April 2014. Wurfel goes on to say that that number is more than what had been reported in the previous five years combined. Similarly, Laurel Garrison of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on April 27, 2015, wrote in an email to Genesee County health officials, “We are very concerned about this Legionnaires’ disease outbreak. It’s very large, one of the largest we know of in the past decade, and community-wide, and in our opinion and experience it needs a comprehensive investigation.” These emails seemed to demonstrate that local, state, and federal government officials knew about the outbreak many months before the governor’s office officially announced the outbreak in January 2016.
The situation in Flint looked bleak and the troubles with the water supply, transparency, and disclosure did not end here. In part two of the case, you will learn more about lead contamination and governmental agency involvement in the crisis.
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Case Study #6 BEPS 11-05-01. Public Relations Society of America. Board of Ethics and Professional Standards. Code of Ethics Case Study Series. 4. Identify the parties who will be affected by the decision and define the public relations professional's obligation to each. The developer - public relations professional has a duty to convince ...
DISCUSSION KEY FOR CASE #6 Looking the Other Way Case Summary You're the director of public relations for a US-based Fortune 500 oil and gas exploration and production company. The company has been drilling deep-water wells in fields with significant oil and gas reserves. It is applying for permits to drill in the Arctic ice fields.
Public Relations Ethics Case Study #6 Looking the Other Way You're the director of public relations for a US-based Fortune 500 oil and gas exploration and production company. The company has been drilling deep-water wells in fields with significant oil and gas reserves. It is applying for permits to drill in the Arctic ice fields.
2. Explain whether or not you feel this proposal is a win/win as Rick states and if you feel Emily should accept this offer. 3. If you were in Rick's position, explain if and how you would have handled this situation any differently. Title. Microsoft Word - Public Relations Case Studies 06.doc. Author.
3. Identify key values. Case Study #6 BEPS 11-05-01 Public Relations Society of America Board of Ethics and Professional Standards Code of Ethics Case Study Series 4. Identify the parties who will be affected by the decision and define the public relations professional's obligation to each. 5.
The study (Bowen et al., 2006) revealed a number of surprising and interesting findings in public relations ethics. Public relations practitioners around the world reported that 65% of them have regular access to the "dominant coalition" or the decision-making executive level of their organizations, or the Chief Officers level sometimes ...
alone public relations ethics course should cover. Although the Ethics Education Report (Bortree et al., 2019) ... Case study 3 in chapter 9 presents the Starbucks Race Together Initiative. There are areas where diversity references could be expanded. For example, the discussion of Rawls' veil of ignorance refers to the ...
This case study was written based on Tan and Tan's study published in the Journal of Business Ethics in 2009. Background Ethics is vital to the practice of global public relations, but it is also "one of the greatest challenges facing practitioners in the 21st Century because it impacts on the management of strategic relationships within ...
Public Relations Society of America. Board of Ethics and Professional Standards Code of Ethics Case Studies 2001-2002. 3. Identify key values. Honesty - We adhere to the highest standards of accuracy and truth in advancing the interests of those we represent and in communicating with the public. Independence - We are accountable for our ...
In the end, 1-800-Flowers reported a 6.3 percent loss in net profit for the winter quarter in 2014, partially resulting from the winter snowstorm. CEO Jim McCann reflected that although there was a profit loss, he believed the organization's actions during the storm resulted in positive long term effects for the organization: "In addition ...
ABSTRACT. This book is a pragmatic, case-rich guide to how current and future public relations practitioners can apply ethical principles and the industry's codes of ethics to their day-to-day work. Authors Trevor Morris and Simon Goldsworthy draw on their years of industry and academic experience to illustrate key ethical issues and ground ...
This chapter, then, talks about the implications of ethics in public relations as well as in business, journalism, government, and organizations generally. Subject of the "Voice of Authority" interview in Chapter 6 is legendary New York practitioner Howard Rubenstein. Subject of the case study is Ketchum Public Relations, which dropped the ...
Police shot and killed both men. Many people compared the image of Jenner handing the police officer a Pepsi to the real image of Ieshia Evans, a Black woman who stood silently in front of police during a protest in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, on July 9. Police later arrested her. The clip resurfaced in summer 2020 after protests erupted nationwide ...
Case Study #4 BEPS 11-05-01. Public Relations Society of America. Board of Ethics and Professional Standards Code of Ethics Case Studies 2001-2002. 3. Identify key values. 4. Identify the parties who will be affected by the decision and define the public relations professional's obligation to each. 5. Select ethical principles to guide the ...
Starting with Ivy Lee's Declaration of Principles in 1905, these documents provide interesting historical traces which reflect specific understandings of both ethics and public relations. The texts discussed in this chapter represents the collectively held knowledge and history of the discipline of public relations.
Booklet 6- Case Studies - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. ethics and integrity
The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition is the official source for APA Style. Widely adopted. With millions of copies sold worldwide in multiple languages, it is the style manual of choice for writers, researchers, editors, students, and educators in the social and behavioral sciences, natural sciences ...
Ethics Case Study - 6: Ajay Mishra, a senior IAS officer has come to be known as an eccentric officer thanks to his show of brutal honesty in public service. But his friends and colleagues who know him personally respect and love him a lot for his vast knowledge and affability. Recently he was … Continue reading "Ethics Case Study - 6: Ethics In Public Service"
Contaminated water, lead poisoning and Legionaries' disease sounds like a crisis from another era, but it occurred in Flint, Michigan, starting in April 2014. Flint was started by a fur trader, but its modern heritage largely comes from its role as a leading manufacturer of cars. General Motors (GM) was founded there in 1908.
Board of Ethics and Professional Standards. Code of Ethics Case Study Series. 4. Identify the parties who will be affected by the decision and to whom the public relations professional's obligation to each. 5. Select ethical principles to guide the decision making process. 6. Make a decision and justify. Case Study #2 BEPS 11-05-01.
Both the practice and profession of public relations are explored and the focus is on those issues which will be most relevant to those new to the field:The four key phases of PR campaigns: research, strategy, tactics and evaluation History and evolution of public relations Basic concepts of the profession: ethics, professionalism, and ...
Choose key values that apply. Consider parties who will be affected by your decision and evaluate the public relations professional's obligation to each one. Select ethical principles to guide your decision making. Make a decision and offer a brief rationale. Case Study #7 BEPS 08-30-11. .
Case Study #5 BEPS 08-30-11 PRSA Board of Ethics and Professional Standards Ethics and Standards Case Study Series Public Relations Ethics Case Study #5 Plagiarism One of your agency's largest clients is a leading international airline and the client has asked you to write a speech for the Chairman of the Board that will be delivered at an
Case Study #2 BEPS 08-30-11 Guidance for Case Study #2 Professional Standards Advisory PS-3: Representing Front Groups with Undisclosed Sponsors PRA3 has been updated and consolidated with PSA-7. For details on the issue, including background, relevant sections of the Code, examples and recommended best practices, see PSA-7.
Code of Ethics Case Study Series. 4. Identify the public who may be affected by the decision and define the public relations professional's obligation to each. 5. Select ethical principles to guide the decision making process. 6. Make a decision and justify. Case Study #3 BEPS 11-05-01.