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A few years ago, Jamil Zaki , a Stanford psychologist who researches empathy, found himself split between his research and his inner life.

It was the height of the COVID-19 pandemic and by day, he radiated positivity as he praised the many benefits he and his lab had discovered about how kind, generous, and open-minded most people are – qualities the world needed to hear about.

But by night, he was doomscrolling, caught in an endless loop of negative thinking.

Zaki became acutely aware of the contradiction: If a scholar dedicated to studying human goodness was losing faith in humanity, what hope did the rest of us have?

In his new book, Hope for Cynics: The Surprising Science of Human Goodness (Grand Central Publishing, 2024) Zaki, an associate professor of psychology in the School of Humanities and Sciences and director of the Stanford Social Neuroscience Laboratory , shares how he escaped the cynicism trap and offers simple but effective practices to avoid our cynical tendencies from taking over.

Cynicism is a losing strategy

Zaki argues that cynicism – the idea that people tend to be selfish, greedy, and dishonest – is often more naive than we realize. Of course, bad things do happen, but cynical perceptions do not stack up to reality. Cynicism, he explains, is both personally harmful and damaging to society.

Research shows cynics tend to earn less money , experience more depression, and drink more heavily . Tragically, they are more likely to die younger than non-cynics. Cynics are also less likely than optimists to take part in collective action, protest, or sign a petition and vote .

“By never trusting, cynics never lose,” writes Zaki. “They also never win. Refusing to trust anyone is like playing poker by folding every hand before it begins. Cynicism protects us from predators but also shuts down opportunities for collaboration, love, and community, all of which require trust. And though we forever remember people who hurt us, it’s harder to notice the friends we could have made if we’d been more open.”

Social shark attacks

Zaki saw these effects firsthand at Stanford, where students drastically underestimated each other.

In 2022, Zaki and his lab surveyed thousands of Stanford undergraduates, asking them how much they cared about their peers, whether they enjoyed helping other people, and if they wanted to connect with students they didn’t know.

The researchers also asked them about their perceptions of the average Stanford student.

His findings, published in Hope for Cynics , were startling.

“We discovered not one, but two Stanfords,” writes Zaki. “One was real, made up of students’ self-reports. This campus was extraordinarily warm. Eighty-five percent of students said they wanted to meet new friends. Ninety-five percent said they enjoyed helping peers who were feeling down. Their empathy was through the roof.”

But in students’ minds, they saw the Stanford community as uncongenial.

“They believed their ‘average’ peer was relatively unfriendly, judgmental, and callous,” Zaki adds, noting how these beliefs made the students less willing to share their struggles with friends or start a conversation with their classmates. 

Grand Central Publishing, 2024

Students were experiencing what Jamil Zaki calls “social shark attacks,” imagining worst-case scenarios as inevitable, even though the likelihood of them actually playing out was incredibly unlikely.

To counter this, Zaki’s lab worked with Frosh 101 , a program for first-year students, to launch an advertising campaign to correct these misperceptions. They put up posters in target dorms, presenting students with real data about how much their peers wanted to connect, and had conversations with residents to discuss the findings. The intervention helped students feel more positive and willing to engage with their peers.

Being a ‘hopeful skeptic’

In addition to questioning our assumptions of other people, Zaki encourages replacing cynicism with “hopeful skepticism,” which combines openness to new information with critical thinking.

Hope, he explains, is not to be mistaken for naivety or even optimism. Optimism is idealistic, and in excess, can turn into “toxic positivity” which brushes away negative feelings and emotions.

Hope, on the other hand, acknowledges those experiences. By recognizing them, hope can galvanize people towards change and action.

Adding skepticism to hope invites inquiry.

As Zaki emphasizes, hopeful skepticism is about applying a scientific mindset. Like a scientist, hopeful skeptics seek out facts and evidence instead of relying on feelings and fears. And rather than being fatalistic, they are critical and curious instead.

“Cynicism often boils down to a lack of good evidence. Being less cynical, then, is simply a matter of noticing more precisely,” Zaki said. He adds: “The cynical voice inside each of us claims that we already know everything about people. But humanity is far more beautiful and complex than a cynic imagines, the future far more mysterious than they know.”

• Stanford University
• Monday, December 9

Sustainability Conference on Human Behavior

• Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability

Stanford Graduate School of Business

Monday, December 9, 2024

• Tuesday, December 10, 2024 PT

This event is open to: Faculty Staff

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Event Details:

This conference brings together scholars from across campus and elsewhere who have done work illuminating human thinking and action related to the environment and sustainability.

Stanford University recently created the Doerr School of Sustainability, which is devoted to advancing knowledge critical to sustaining life on Earth, preparing students to lead, and catalyzing informed action to generate local, national, and global solutions.

The Doerr School recently formed a Department of Environmental Social Sciences, which currently includes faculty with expertise in psychology, sociology, communication, political science, economics, history, anthropology, education, business, the law, classics, health and medicine, archeology, and more. The conference will be a mix of presentations of completed research, in-process research, and plans for research, as well as discussions of the presentations.

See Who Is Interested

Faculty Resources

PowerPoints

A full set of PowerPoint decks is provided for download below. All decks are tightly aligned to the modules in this course. Since they are openly licensed, you are welcome to retain, reuse, revise, remix, and redistribute as desired.

These PowerPoint files are accessible. If you do revise them, make sure to follow these  guidelines for creating accessible PowerPoints .

Use this link to download  all PowerPoint decks in a single .zip file (40 MB). or the following links for individual modules.

• Psychological Foundations
• Psychological Research
• Biopsychology
• States of Consciousness
• Sensation and Perception
• Thinking and Intelligence
• Learning and Conditioning
• Lifespan Development
• Social Psychology
• Personality
• Emotion and Motivation
• Industrial-Organizational Psychology
• Psychological Disorders
• Therapy and Treatment
• Stress, Lifestyle, and Health

CC licensed content, Original

• PowerPoints. Provided by : Lumen Learning. License : CC BY: Attribution

CC licensed content, Shared previously

• Projector Screen. Authored by : Denis Shumaylov. Provided by : Noun Project. Located at : https://thenounproject.com/term/projector-screen/1211212/ . License : CC BY: Attribution

General Psychology Copyright © by OpenStax and Lumen Learning is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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Faculty Resources

Powerpoints.

A full set of PowerPoint decks is provided for download below. All decks are tightly aligned to the modules in this course. Since they are openly licensed, you are welcome to retain, reuse, revise, remix, and redistribute as desired.

These PowerPoint files are accessible. If you do revise them, make sure to follow these  guidelines for creating accessible PowerPoints .

Use this link to download  all PowerPoint decks in a single .zip file (40 MB). or the following links for individual modules.

• Psychological Foundations
• Psychological Research
• Biopsychology
• States of Consciousness
• Sensation and Perception
• Thinking and Intelligence
• Learning and Conditioning
• Lifespan Development
• Social Psychology
• Personality
• Emotion and Motivation
• Industrial-Organizational Psychology
• Psychological Disorders
• Therapy and Treatment
• Stress, Lifestyle, and Health
• PowerPoints. Provided by : Lumen Learning. License : CC BY: Attribution
• Projector Screen. Authored by : Denis Shumaylov. Provided by : Noun Project. Located at : https://thenounproject.com/term/projector-screen/1211212/ . License : CC BY: Attribution

Presentation Psychology: Proven Strategies To Truly Connect With Your Audience

Table of contents, does psychology play a role in creating effective presentations.

Psychology plays a huge role in creating an effective presentation. Although you never probably thought about how psychology itself is incorporated into a presentation, you’ve probably come across psychological tips in other presentation articles such as how to be a better presenter .

Many of the presentation tips and tricks in these articles have roots in psychology.

For example, you might have been told before to really focus on your audience and understand who they are. That’s because everyone’s psyche is different.

If they are auditory learners, you would want to focus your attention on your public speaking skills, vocal pitch and the way you speak. You may also want to consider how your speech is coming across.

Is it clear and slow-paced so the audience is able to absorb all the information? On the other hand, you may be speaking too fast and the audience’s attention is fragmented due to information overload.

If they are visual learners, you might want to incorporate a lot of images or a video to help present new ideas or information.

Learning styles is only one aspect of how presentations incorporate psychology. Learning styles may help you understand how people absorb information because this is how they learn but there are other aspects to consider.

You may want to research and explore what arouses people, what motivates them such as Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and what people may avoid due to fear or past trauma.

7 Psychology-Proven Presentation Tricks

Now that we know for certain psychology plays a role in creating effective powerpoint presentations, we’ve put together 7 research backed tips on how to enhance your upcoming presentation.

1 – Build A Structure

The human brain loves structure.

Whether you realize it or not, our brains try to structure all the little points and details of the world to help us better understand it. Structure allows us to take the big picture and divide it up into smaller, more manageable pieces. This same concept applies to presentations as well.

When a presentation is structured, your audience will be able to retain the information 40% more reliably and accurately compared to if your presentation was more free thought. If you’re able to help give your audience a clear structure, you will reduce the cognitive load required by them to remember key points.

If your presentation is easier for them to remember, then they will more likely consider it to be a good presentation.

2 – Apply The Rule Of Three

You’ve probably heard of the rule of three in writing.

Most writing professionals and writing courses teach you to write using the rule of three in order to create a memorable piece of content .

The premise of the rule of three stems off the first tip mentioned above which is that our brains love structure, organization and patterns.

If information or ideas can be structured in buckets of three, it will make for it to be easily recalled. Information that is easily remembered will leave a longer lasting impact on your audience.

You can use the rule of three to your advantage in your presentation by coupling the important points into three categories. If you feel like you need to mention more information, reconsider.

Make a list of all the main points you want your audience to remember and try to group them into three buckets. If you can’t, then the outliers must not be relevant enough for your presentation and you may need to consider breaking it up into smaller, more digestible presentations.

3 – Change Every 10 Minutes

If you have a presentation the audience is genuinely interested in, the typical audience attention span is between seven to ten minutes .

Using the two tips mentioned above, you should be able to condense your three points into a ten minute presentation.

If you go over ten minutes, you’ll begin to lose the attention of your audience before you even reach the final slide. If you must go over ten minutes, try changing things up a bit.

Whether it’s the content of your presentation or delivery method, be sure to add lots of changes in it to keep it lively.

4 – Use Emphasizing Visual Communication

Now that you know what the main idea of your presentation is and have condensed it in an organized structure with no more than three topics, you can begin enhancing your presentation with visuals.

Visual cues such as graphs, charts and tables are great tools to deliver complex information in a more digestible way.

If creating visuals isn’t your thing, don’t let that stop you from creating effective presentations.

Instead, consider outsourcing your presentation design .

Luckily, there are presentation design services which can help you not only develop amazing presentations, but also develop other visual cues such as sizzle reels.

Many presenters tend to use overused presentation templates that students and other presenters have used a million times over. The effectiveness of these templates have been diluted to almost nothing.

Whether you’re a manager of a Fortune 500 needing to present financials or a psychology professor needing to put together a psychology presentation on mental disorders and mental health, Presentation Geeks have serviced multiple industries to support their presentation needs.

5 – Use Impactful Headlines

One of the first things people notice when reading something is the headline.

It takes less than seven seconds for someone to make a first impression and within that first seven seconds, they’re reading your headline.

Whether it’s the beginning slide or another single slide to follow throughout the presentation, headlines are critical.

Make sure your headlines aren’t an overload of information. In this case, less is more. Make it concise and impactful.

6 – Don’t Read The Slides

Reading from the slides is one guaranteed way to lose your audience’s attention.

If you want your audience to feel engaged, you need to engage them. One way to engage your audience is to talk to them directly. Pretend you are having a conversation with the audience.

By not reading the slides, you are instead engaging with your audience by using eye contact, facial expressions and different types of body language to help bring across the most important points of your presentation.

If you struggle with reading the slides, try forcing yourself to not read them. You can force yourself to not read the slides by minimizing the content you are reading.

Try using bullet points.

Bullet points are great because they force you to remember the filler content you need to speak to while also providing a more appealing structure to your slides. No one wants to read a giant wall of text. Don’t forget, this is where you use visuals to help communicate what you’re trying to get across instead of relying only on words.

7 – Share A Story

The best and most practical tip to use when crafting a presentation is to structure it in the form of a story.

As humans, we are social creatures and we love to hear stories.

In fact, stories are much more than just fables to tell for entertainment purposes. They play a huge role in our cognitive, social and emotional development.

Telling a story, especially one the audience can relate to, helps put them in your shoes. By providing an example they’re familiar with, they can begin to connect emotions with your presentation.

A perfect example of this is if you are trying to elicit the emotion of happiness. You may begin to tell a story of playing with friends, laughing or receiving a gift you really wanted. All of which are events most people can relate to.

By connecting these shared life experiences to your presentation, it will emphasize the main point you are trying to bring across through the power of emotions.

Conclusion Of Key Points: Tapping Into The Human Brain With Presentation Psychology

If you feel like your presentation is a bad presentation, consider implementing some known psychological tips.

Build a structure

Apply the rule of three

Change things up every 10 minutes

Use visuals

Use impactful headlines

Don’t read the slides

Use the art of storytelling

Implement and use our suggestions to create an engaging presentation backed by psychological data.

Author:  Ryan

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Introduction and History of Psychology��

What is Psychology?

• Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
• Behavior- any action an organism does that can be observed.
• Mental processes- internal, subjective experiences we infer from behavior.
• “Psychology” has its roots in the Greek words of “psyche,” or mind, and “-ology,” or a field of study.”

Psychology’s Big Issue

• The overarching goal is to be able to describe why people think, act, and feel the way they do.
• How to help people solve problems, maximize potential, etc.
• The issue we must try to understand, and that runs throughout all of psychology is Nature vs. Nurture .
• The question of what influences us the most:
• Nature (what we were born with)
• Nurture (what happens to us after we are born)

*** Nurture works on what nature endows.

Scientific Method

• The science of psychology is based on objective, verifiable evidence obtained using the scientific method.
• What is the scientific method?

What is Real Psychology and �What is Pseudo-psychology?

• Pseudo-psychology is the phony or unscientific psychology which pretends to be the real thing.

Negative Effects of Pseudo-psychology:

• People believe the fake psychology and miss out on real psychological insights which are more helpful and interesting.
• Also, pseudo-psychology can produce a lot of fraud.
• With increased incidents of fraud in the field of psychology, there is diminished public support for legitimate psychological science.

Psychology vs. Psychiatry

• Because psychiatrists are trained medical doctors, they can prescribe medications, and they spend much of their time with patients on medication management as a course of treatment. Psychologists focus extensively on psychotherapy and treating emotional and mental suffering in patients with behavioral intervention.

When and Where did Psychology Start?

• Although both Asian and African cultures had ideas about psychology, it was the Greeks and later the Roman Catholic church which had the most influence on western psychology.

A Change in Perspective

• For hundreds of years medieval Christian churches felt the human mind, like that of God, was an unsolvable mystery.
• In the 17 th C. the French philosopher Rene Descartes argued that human sensations and behaviors were based on activity in the nervous system.

Rene Descartes 1596-1650

Psychology Becomes a Science

• Despite Descartes ’ arguments and scientific breakthroughs at the time, psychology didn’t become a recognized science until the mid 1800s.
• The late 19th century marked the start of psychology as a scientific enterprise. Psychology as a self-conscious field of experimental study began in 1879 , when German scientist Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated exclusively to psychological research in Leipzig.

Structuralism

• Wilhelm Wundt (Voont) was the first to declare himself a psychologist.
• He believed in structuralism.
• Created by his student E.B. Titchner

Wilhelm Wundt

E.B. Titchner

• Structuralism: devoted to uncovering the basic structures that make up mind and thought - looking for the elements of conscious experience.
• Structuralism relies on introspection, or the process of reporting one’s own conscious mental experiences.
• What would be the strengths/weaknesses of introspection?

Critics of Wundt and Structuralism

• Like most new theories, people began to dispute and refute structuralism.
• (Mostly due to its reliance on introspection)
• William James (the first U.S. psychologist) believed that psychology should look at function and not just structure.

William James 1842-1910

• Functionalism- A theory that emphasized the functions of consciousness and the ways consciousness helps people adapt to their environment.
• James thought that psychology should explain how people adapted - or failed to adapt - to everyday life outside the laboratory.

The parts of the functionalist view of psychology

James’ Functionalism

• James’ criticism of Wundt’s structuralism was that it was boring and inaccurate because it was only done in the laboratory.
• James wanted to see how people functioned in everyday life, not just in contrived situations.
• Also he believed that mental processes were not static. He described them as a “stream of consciousness.”

Gestalt Psychology

• Gestalt psychology was the opposite of structuralism. Instead of looking at the individual parts, it wanted to examine the whole.
• Gestalt psychology looked at how the brain works by studying perception and perceptual thinking.
• Ex. Recognizing a person’s face.

Behaviorism

• John B. Watson argued that a true and objective science of psychology should only deal with observable events: stimuli from the environment and the organism’s response to that stimuli.
• These psychologists thought of the mind as a black box which could not be opened or understood. Since we could not understand it, we should not try to guess what role it has in our actions.
• An example of behaviorism is when teachers reward their class or certain students with a party or special treat at the end of the week for good behavior throughout the week. The same concept is used with punishments.

Psychoanalysis� (Freudian Psychology)

• Psychoanalysis is the brainchild of Sigmund Freud and his followers.
• Psychoanalysis said that mental disorders resulted from conflicts of the unconscious mind.
• Freud thought that behavior came from unconscious drives, conflicts and experience that we may not even have a memory of.

Sigmund Freud 1856-1939

Psychology Today

• Psychology today arises from 9 main perspectives:
• Developmental
• Psychodynamic
• Sociocultural
• Evolutionary/ Socio-biological

Biological View:

• The biological view looks at how our physical make up and the operation of our brains influence our personality, preferences, behavior patterns, and abilities.
• Behavior is determined by brain structure and chemicals, and by inborn responses to external cues for survival and reproduction.

Biological View Continued

• Within the biological view is the theory of evolutionary psychology . This theory arises from the ideas of Charles Darwin.
• Like Darwin, evolutionary psychologists see behavior and mental processes in terms of their genetic adaptations for survival and reproduction…natural selection (survival of the fittest).

Developmental View

• The developmental view emphasizes changes that occur across our lifespan. People undergo predictable patterns of change throughout their lives.
• This is the question of nature vs. nurture. What has a bigger impact on us, heredity or environment? Behavior is determined by the interaction of nature and nurture (heredity and environment).

Cognitive View

• According to the cognitive view, our actions are a direct result of the way we process information from our environment. People are information-processing systems.
• Behavior is the result of our mental interpretations of our experience.
• Cognitions are thoughts, expectations, perceptions, memories and states of consciousness.

Psychodynamic View

• The term psychodynamic comes from the thought that the mind (psyche) is a reservoir of energy (dynamics).
• Psychodynamic theory sees behavior as arising from unconscious needs, conflicts, repressed memories, and childhood experiences.

Humanistic Psychology

• A viewpoint which emphasizes human ability, growth, potential and free will.
• Much like the psychoanalytic perspective, it emphasizes our mental thoughts and process as the root of our behavior.
• It, however, emphasizes the positive side of human nature. It has received a lot of criticism because it is not the most “scientific.”

Behavioral View

• A viewpoint which finds the source of our actions in

the environmental stimuli, rather than in inner

mental processes. In accordance with

the laws of behavioral learning, we

respond to stimulus cues and to our

history of rewards and punishments.

• B.F. Skinn er -

one of the most influential of

American psychologists . A behaviorist,

he developed the theory of operant conditioning -- the idea that behavior is determined by its consequences, be they reinforcements or punishments, which make it more or less likely that the behavior will occur again.

Sociocultural View

• This view emphasizes the importance of social interaction, social learning and a cultural perspective. People are social animals, so human behavior must be interpreted in its social context.
• Behavior is heavily influenced by culture, by social norms and expectations, and by social learning.

Evolutionary/�Socio-biological

• This view of psychology looks at individuals’ behaviors through the lens of natural selection.
• Behavior is adaptive and hereditary and cultural!
• In this theory, genetics are not used as a way to show how people are different, but rather the ways in which we have evolved.

Trait Perspective

• Individual differences result from differences in our underlying patterns of stable characteristics (traits).
• Behavior results from each person's unique combination of traits.

Levels of Analysis

• The multiple viewpoints can be confusing, but it is called levels of analysis .
• Looking at one issue from multiple perspectives.
• Ex. Examining a Criminal
• Does the criminal have a brain disorder?
• Does the criminal have a genetic tendencies towards violence?
• Have they been rewarded for violent behavior?
• Has society’s violent tendencies influenced the criminal ?
• Looking at an issue from one perspective is like looking at a 2D model of a 3D object. Each perspective is useful, but by itself fails to give us a complete picture.

Psychology topics

Psychology is a diverse discipline grounded in science, but with nearly boundless applications in everyday life. Scientific research conducted by psychologists can inform and guide those seeking help with issues that affect their professional lives, family relationships, and emotional wellness.

Featured topics

• Social media and the internet

• Healthy workplaces

All psychology topics

• Aging and older adults
• Alzheimer’s disease
• Artificial intelligence and machine learning
• Autism spectrum disorder
• Belief systems and religion
• Bipolar disorder
• Chronic illness
• Climate change
• Cognition and the brain
• Cognitive rehabilitation
• Disabilities
• Disasters and response
• Divorce and child custody
• Eating disorders
• Economic inequality
• Environment and population
• Equity, diversity, and inclusion
• Exercise and fitness
• Forensics, law, and public safety
• Forgiveness
• Gun violence and crime
• Health and behavior
• Health care
• Health equity
• HIV and AIDS
• Human rights
• Immigration and refugees
• Implicit bias
• Infants and toddlers
• Intelligence
• Journalism and facts
• Learning and memory
• Marriage and relationships
• Men and boys
• Mental health
• Military and veterans
• Mindfulness
• Neuropsychology
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder
• Personality
• Physical abuse and violence
• Population health
• Posttraumatic stress disorder
• Psychotherapy
• Race and ethnicity
• Racism, bias, and discrimination
• Rural populations
• Safety and design
• Schizophrenia
• Schools and classrooms
• Sex and sexuality
• Sexual assault and harassment
• Sexual orientation and gender diversity
• Socioeconomic status
• Sport and rehabilitation
• Substance use, abuse, and addiction
• Suicide and suicide prevention
• Testing, assessment, and measurement
• Video games
• Women and girls

Specialists are available for confidential telephone counseling.

The Go-To Science

Psychologists examine the relationships between brain function and behavior, and the environment and behavior, applying what they learn to illuminate our understanding and improve the world around us.

Science of Psychology

• Start Research
• Background Information
• Scholarly Article Sources
• Books and ebooks
• Resources for Research Methods
• Tests & Instruments
• Statistics & SPSS Tutorials
• PowerPoint Slide Presentations
• Graduate School Preparation
• Important Websites

PowerPoint slide presentations on information literacy in psychology

• PSYC 150: Slide Presentation, Fall 2018 -- Finding books in Jaspercat and using the location guide -- Psychology databases -- Differentiating between controlled and natural language varieties -- In-text and reference citations -- Types of periodicals -- Scholarly, peer-reviewed articles in full-text -- Interlibrary loan portal and Request it!
• PSYC 153 (FYS): Slide Presentation, Fall 2018 -- Overview of library website and library services -- Emphasis on psychology databases -- Difference between controlled and natural language varieties -- Search strategies and different approaches to searching
• PSYC 153 (FYS): Slide Presentation, Spring 2018 -- Overview of library resources and services -- Psychology databases -- Differentiating between controlled and natural language varieties -- In-text and reference citations in APA Style -- Varied search strategies
• PSYC 280 (Camino Program): Slide Presentation, Fall 2018 -- Overview of library website, general databases, and services -- Engage students in searching databases for scholarly research sources -- Emphasis on APA Style, in-text and reference citations
• PSYC 214: Slide Presentation, Fall 2018 -- Overview of search strategies and psychology databases -- Differentiate between controlled and natural language varieties -- In-text and reference citations -- Primary research sources -- Types of periodicals
• PSYC 314: Handout I, Fall 2018 -- Integrating authoritative information from three scholarly, research articles
• PSYC 314: Handout II, Fall 2018 -- Sentence prompts, sentence starters, and phrases to use in writing about information from sources in the psychology research paper
• PSYC 314: Slide Presentation, Part I, Fall 2018 -- Overview of search strategies, types of sources, and psychology databases
• PSYC 314: Slide Presentation, Part II, Fall 2018 -- Focus on integrating information from authoritative sources into the psychology research paper -- Analyzing three psychology articles and extracting evidence to incorporate into a paper -- Practice note-taking and tracking in-text and reference citations in APA Style -- Emphasis on using in-text and reference citations -- Handouts I and II accompany this slide presentation
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• Next: Graduate School Preparation >>
• Last Updated: Jan 18, 2024 11:05 AM
• URL: https://lib.manhattan.edu/psychology

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Free Templates for Psychology for PowerPoint and Google Slides

Make your presentations and lessons stand out with these free templates for Psychology .  

Download them to use with PowerPoint or edit them in Google Slides and start creating!

Captivate your audience and transform your presentation on early childhood development with this free template!  Playful illustrations like children’s handprints, whimsical doodles, paper airplanes and windmills bring a touch of childlike wonder to your slides. This engaging template is the perfect backdrop to share your valuable insights on this crucial […]

Early Childhood free presentation template for Google Slides and PPT.

Green Minimal Boho free PowerPoint Template and Google Slides Theme This free PowerPoint template and Google Slides theme features a boho and minimal style with geometric and organic shapes along with a few leaves. As usual, even though I chose sage green and beige, you can edit the theme and […]

Green Minimal Boho free slides template.

Cheerful colored wobbly shapes and lines free PowerPoint Template and Google Slides Theme If you need a cheerful template with abstract shapes, this theme is perfect for you. You can use it to talk about psychology, abstract thinking or even poetry. It comes with a certificate layout and I’ve used […]

Wobbly shapes and cheerful colors free slides theme.

Free purple flowers photo background template for Google Slides and PowerPoint. This Google Slides template features beautiful images of a flat lay of purple wildflowers. The template includes a variety of slides with different layouts, so you can easily create a presentation that is both informative and visually appealing. You […]

Purple wildflowers photo background free template.

Free PowerPoint template and Google Slides theme. Template with a shadow overlay. Agnes is a beautiful inspirational slides theme. The shadow overlay gives it a unique touch and it can be easily adapted to different topics by simply changing the images of the plants, for pictures that represent your presentation […]

Agnes, elegant botanical theme.

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Psychology in Everyday Life

Mar 12, 2019

630 likes | 1k Views

Psychology in Everyday Life. Psychology’s Roots, Big Ideas, and Critical Thinking Tools Chapter 1. Psychological Science is Born. Freud (1856-1939).

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• common sense
• psychology today
• psychological science
• psychology helps make
• humanistic psychology humanistic perspective

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Psychology’s Roots, Big Ideas, and Critical Thinking ToolsChapter 1

Psychological Science is Born Freud (1856-1939) Sigmund Freud, and his followers emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind and its effects on human behavior. His views became the basis for the psychodynamic perspective in psychology.

Psychological Science Develops Behaviorists- Behavioral Perspective Skinner (1904-1990) Watson (1878-1958) Watson and later Skinner emphasized the study of overt behavior as the subject matter of scientific psychology.

Psychological Science Develops Humanistic Psychology- Humanistic perspective Maslow (1908-1970) http://facultyweb.cortland.edu Rogers (1902-1987) http://www.carlrogers.dk Maslow and Rogers emphasized current environmental influences on our growth potential and our need for love and acceptance.

Psychology Today We define psychology today as the scientific study of behavior (what we do) and mental processes (inner thoughts and feelings). We use science- observation and evaluation, to draw conclusions about behavior and mental processing.

Psychology’s Current Perspectives

Four Big Ideas in Psychology • Critical Thinking is Smart Thinking • Behavior is a Biopsychosocial Event 3. We Operate with a Two-Track Mind (Dual Processing) 4. Psychology Explores Human Strengths as Well as Challenges

Critical Thinking Critical thinking does not accept arguments and conclusions blindly. It examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence and assesses conclusions. “4 out of 5 students prefer Miss King as their social studies teacher.” Ask, who did they survey? Who were the students polled? How was the question worded? All of these will change the results of the survey!

Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis

Nature vs. Nurture • Controversy over the relative contributions that genes (nature) and experience (nurture) make to the development of psychological traits and behavior • Nurture works on what nature endows

The Two-Track Mind • Dual Processing- information is processed on two levels; conscious and the unconscious (information that is processed without awareness) • Visual Perception- recognize things and future actions • Visual Action- guides our moment to moment actions

Psychology’s Subfields: Research

Psychology’s Subfields: Research Data: APA 1997

Psychology’s Subfields: Applied

Psychology’s Subfields: Applied Data: APA 1997

Clinical Psychology vs. Psychiatry A clinical psychologist (Ph.D.) studies, assesses, and treats troubled people with psychotherapy. Psychiatrists on the other hand are medical professionals (M.D.) who use treatments like drugs and psychotherapy to treat psychologically diseased patients.

Why Do Psychology? • How can we differentiate between uniformed opinions and examined conclusions? • The science of psychology helps make these examined conclusions, which leads to our understanding of how people feel, think, and actas they do!

What About Intuition & Common Sense? Many people believe that intuition and common sense are enough to bring forth answers regarding human nature. Intuition and common sense may help answer questions, but they are not free of error. Why are the answers reached by thinking critically more reliable than ordinary common sense?

Limits of Intuition Personal interviewers may rely too much on their “gut feelings” when meeting with job applicants.

Hindsight Bias Hindsight Bias is the “I-knew-it-all-along” phenomenon. After learning the outcome of an event, many people believe they could have predicted that very outcome. We only knew the housing market would plummet ONLY after it actually did plummet. • “Anything seems commonplace, once explained.” Dr. Watson to Sherlock Holmes. • Two phenomena – hindsight bias and judgmental overconfidence – illustrate why we cannot rely solely on intuition and common sense.

Overconfidence Sometimes we think we know more than we actually know. How long do you think it would take to unscramble these anagrams? Anagram WREAT WATER People said it would take about 10 seconds, yet on average they took about 3 minutes On the next slide, estimate how long it will take you to unscramble five anagrams. ETYRN ENTRY GRABE BARGE

Try it! • TTIIINNOU • RlGNELAN • I E P C R • TANTOTSR • MSLESL

The Scientific Attitude The scientific attitude is composed of curiosity (passion for exploration), skepticism (doubting and questioning) and humility (ability to accept responsibility when wrong).

Scientific Method in Psychology Psychologists, like all scientists, use the scientific method to construct theories that organize, summarize and simplify observations.

Theory A theory isan explanation that integrates principles and organizes and predicts behavior or events. For example, low self-esteem contributes to depression.

Hypothesis A hypothesis is a testable prediction, often prompted by a theory, to enable us to accept, reject or revise the theory. People with low self-esteem are apt to feel more depressed.

Research Observations Research would require us to administer tests of self-esteem and depression. Individuals who score low on a self-esteem test and high on a depression test would confirm our hypothesis.

Research Process

Operational Definitions • A statement of procedures used to define research variables • Leads to Replication- repeating of research to see if the findings were accurate

Description Case Study A technique in which one person, or small group of people, is studied in depth to reveal underlying behavioral principles. Is language uniquely human?

Case Study • Suggest directions for further study • Show us what can happen • Individual cases may mislead us because they are atypical

Survey A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes, opinions or behaviors of people usually done by questioning a representative, random sample of people.

Survey Wording Effects Wording can change the results of a survey. Q: Should cigarette ads and pornography be allowed on television? (not allowed vs. forbid)

Survey Random Sampling If each member of a population has an equal chance of inclusion into a sample, it is called a random sample (unbiased). If the survey sample is biased, its results are not valid. The fastest way to know about the marble color ratio is to blindly transfer a few into a smaller jar and count them.

Naturalistic Observation Observing and recording the behavior of animals in the wild and recording self-seating patterns in a multiracial school lunch room constitute naturalistic observation. Courtesy of Gilda Morelli

Descriptive Methods Summary Case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observation describe behaviors. They are known as descriptive methods of research>

Indicates direction of relationship (positive or negative) Correlation coefficient Indicates strength of relationship (0.00 to 1.00) Correlation When one trait or behavior accompanies another, we say the two correlate. Correlation Coefficient is a statistical measure of the relationship between two variables. r = + 0.37

Correlation • Positive Correlation- (0 and +1) direct relationship; two things increase and decrease together • Negative Correlation- (0 and -1) indicates an inverse relationship, one thing increases the other decreases • Zero Correlation- (around 0) weak relationship; little or no relationship

Correlation and Causation Correlation does not mean causation! or

Illusory Correlation The perception of a relationship where no relationship actually exists. Parents conceive children after adoption. Ex. Length of Marriage and Hair Loss

Order in Random Events Given random data, we look for order and meaningful patterns. Your chances of being dealt either of these hands is precisely the same: 1 in 2,598,960.

Order in Random Events Given large numbers of random outcomes, a few are likely to express order. Jerry Telfer/ San Francisco Chronicle Angelo and Maria Gallina won two California lottery games on the same day.

Experimentation Exploring Cause and Effect Like other sciences, experimentation is the backbone of psychological research. Experiments isolate causes and their effects.

Exploring Cause & Effect Many factors influence our behavior. Experiments (1)manipulate factors that interest us, while other factors are kept under (2) control. Effects generated by manipulated factors isolate cause and effect relationships.

Evaluating Therapies Double-blind Procedure In evaluating drug therapies, patients and experimenter’s assistants should remain unaware of which patients had the real treatment and which patients had the placebo treatment.

Evaluating Therapies Random Assignment Assigning participants to experimental (breast-fed) and control (formula-fed) conditions by random assignment minimizes pre-existing differences between the two groups.

Independent Variable An independent variable is a factor manipulated by the experimenter. The effect of the independent variable is the focus of the study. For example, when examining the effects of breast feeding upon intelligence, breast feeding is the independent variable.

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