community based tourism case study

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Community-Based Tourism: Empowering Local Champions for Sustainable Tourism in Thailand

November 6, 2022.

Pattamon Rungchavalnont

Head of Solutions Mapping, Accelerator Lab, Thailand

Thailand is among the world's top tourist destinations. The country’s diverse geographical settings and rich cultural capital provide a vast variety of tourism experiences from relaxing by beautiful sandy beaches of the South to exploring lush green forests of the mountainous North and enjoying local cultures in the Northeast. In 2019, Thailand welcomed a record high of 40 million visitors. For this reason, tourism is a major driver of Thailand’s economic development, providing around 20% of the national GDP and employing over 4.2 million people (11% of total employment). However, Thailand’s tourism industry is not without negative side effects. Unsustainable management of tourism has proven to cause environmental degradation and biodiversity loss as well as fuel uneven economic development. Oftentimes, economic benefits from tourism fall into the hands of large tour operators and investors from the outside while local communities gain minimum economic benefit and are left to suffer many social and environmental drawbacks.  

While the COVID-19 pandemic has caused a major setback to the tourism industry, it also provides an opportunity for Thailand to rethink its tourism. Sustainable and resilient tourism has become a key theme for the country and is now one of UNDP Thailand’s focus areas. UNDP Accelerator Lab Thailand seized this opportunity to embark on a journey to support the growing momentum for sustainable tourism by contributing innovative approaches to the redefinition of the country’s tourism industry, specifically from the angle of community-based tourism.

Why community-based tourism?

Emerged in Thailand in the 1990s, ‘community-based tourism (CBT)’ proposes the idea of ‘tourism by the local people for the local people’ . It is one of the solutions for sustainable tourism because, under this framework, local people are the key decision-makers of their tourism development and the ones to fully benefit from it. Being long-term residents of the areas, local communities are more incentivised to balance economic growth and socio-cultural and environmental impacts caused by tourism activities. At the end of the day, it is their home. However, it is crucial to clear the misconception that CBT refers to ‘village tourism,’ limited only to certain styles of tourism that take place in rural areas. CBT is a tourism management model that puts local communities at the center of the process and can encompass diverse tourism styles from rural tourism to urban tourism, nature tourism, or even luxury tourism. Essentially, CBT is about community empowerment as it is a process in which local people are empowered to uplift their own livelihood.

The pandemic has posed both challenges and opportunities for CBT. International travel restrictions caused a major drop in foreign visitors which used to make up a significant portion of visitors for CBT. Local communities needed to adjust themselves to the domestic tourism market and diversify their offers e.g. community products beyond tourism activities. On the other hand, the pandemic has shaped new tourist behaviours- traveling in smaller groups, choosing less crowded destinations, escaping to nature, and searching for unique experiences and activities for well-being, among others. Many of these new preferences match very well with what CBT can offer and can potentially pave way for a golden age of CBT. Moreover, pandemic-induced lockdowns in major cities led to a reverse in rural-urban migration. Many people working in the cities returned to their hometowns during the lockdown and some sought to find livelihood options at home. CBT provides an alternative and in turn benefits from increased human resources- the skilled workforce who have gained skills and exposure from their time working in the cities. All in all, it is an important time for CBT to take the next step to ensure its thrivability in this rapidly changing world.

Making sense of CBT and contemplating on the way forward

            As a starting point, national-level workshops were co-organized by UNDP Accelerator Lab Thailand, Thailand Policy Lab, the Designated Areas for Sustainable Tourism Administration (DASTA) , and Local Alike (one of Thailand’s leading social enterprises working on CBT). Representatives from local communities, relevant governmental agencies, the private sector, civil society organizations, and academia exchanged views on trends and weak signals affecting CBT as well as discussed the desirable future and way forward. A few interesting points from the exercise include:

• CBT can go beyond leisure tourism and provide learning experiences for visitors, for example community-based environmental conservation and waste management and tap into opportunities from the rise of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and Thailand’s Bio-Circular-Green (BCG) Economy Model of the government.
• Communities need to build the next generation of CBT leaders. Involvement and incentives for the new generation are key for successful engagement and transition.
• Planning and decision-making should be a bottom-up and collaborative process between the government and local communities to avoid projects which do not fit local contexts or serve the real needs of stakeholders. For instance, many tourism applications were created but abandoned.
• Multisectoral support is crucial for CBT development e.g. support from the private sector on digital transformation, academia on CBT-related curriculum for young leaders, etc.
• Funding mechanisms must be further developed e.g. shifting from an informal arrangement to a social enterprise, setting up CBT development funds, etc.

While the discussion revealed multiple areas for development, capacity building for local communities stood out as one of the prerequisites for success. Since local communities are the main drivers of CBT, they must be equipped with frameworks and tools that will enable them to flourish in the rapidly changing world. Existing capacity-building initiatives have been fairly successful in supporting local communities to begin their CBT journey, often focusing on building the foundation and taking a short/medium-term view. While such emphasis is essential, it might not be sufficient any longer. Especially once local communities manage to set up the basics of their CBT, they also need to start thinking about sustainability and being anticipatory. As a result, the Lab identified this as our area of work: how local communities can make their CBT become more sustainable.

Learnings with the locals

            UNDP Accelerator Lab Thailand in collaboration with Local Alike joined hands with two pilot communities to start our learning journey. Social innovation tools were applied to invite local stakeholders to reflect on the becoming of their CBT and look forward through the lens of sustainability. Given the different nature of each community, the discussions and sustainability initiatives took on different directions. However, one commonality revealed itself. Community is never homogeneous; CBT development is an area of convergence for different groups to interact and build momentum toward sustainability. To elaborate, let’s take a closer look at each of the pilot communities…

Chulabhorn Pattana 9 community: A case of nature-based tourism from the South

As a neighbour of the world-famous Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary, Chulabhorn Pattana 9 community of Yala province in Southern Thailand has attracted many nature lovers; some visited the village just to enjoy the serenity and beauty of the natural environment while others were excited by the rich biodiversity of the Hala-Bala Forest, not to mention the village’s charming cultural heritage from their Community Malaya time. The village is familiar with receiving visitors as they have been welcoming relatives and friends from Malaysia and Singapore (legacy of Community Malaya time) for decades. Eight years ago, the concept of CBT was introduced, and the new generation stepped up to lead CBT management. The intergenerational difference is reflected in the different views on tourism management- one hoping to increase the number of visitors while another seeking to keep the delicate balance. The new generation realizes that their main target group is nature lovers. Thus, nature is the main capital for their CBT and its conservation is of paramount importance. Hence, the discussion about limiting the number of visitors with consideration of the area’s carrying capacity was very well received by the CBT management team.

CBT at Chulabhorn Pattana 9 does not only aim to mitigate the negative effects of tourism activities but also inspires positive changes in the local community. In many cases, tourism may have resulted in waste management problems. On the contrary, for Chulabhorn Pattana 9 community, the visitors are the ones demanding that waste in the village needs to be better managed. Hearing these comments, the CBT management team was eager to start a waste management initiative with support from the Lab and Local Alike. Waste separation and organic compost-making have been pioneered by the CBT group and will be shared with fellow villagers to inspire more people to join the effort.

In addition, the CBT management team sought to further develop tourism activities that highlight the value of biodiversity and incentivize conservation. Birdwatching was identified as a viable option. Interestingly, apart from our support, birdwatching was born out of collaboration with a visitor who happens to be a bird expert, an ex-member of the Bird Conservation Society of Thailand. Feeling that Chulabhorn Pattana 9 is more than a touristic destination to him, this bird expert saw the potential and was more than willing to help provide training on birdwatching to local guides. Chulabhorn Pattana 9 is able to shift from selling their services to ‘tourists’ to building relationships with ‘visitors’, some of whom have become ‘friends’ to co-create a sustainable future for their CBT.

Nong San community: Local life and craft in the Northeast

Nong San community of Sakon Nakhon province in the Northeast of Thailand is famous for its indigo dye handicrafts. Traditional knowledge on indigo dye has been passed on from generation to generation at Nong San village. When combined with the skills of a new generation artist, Pornpimon Mingmitmee, this cultural capital becomes the starting point of Nong San CBT. Visitors, both craft lovers and chillax tourists, enjoy the simple slow life and recharge themselves with natural dye crafts, organic agriculture, and the beauty in the local lifestyle. However, the early days of Nong San CBT were not all easy. The community did not believe that CBT was viable at first, so Pornpimon had to start small and gradually showed other people the success to inspire more support from within the village and nearby community. Furthermore, with the COVID-19-induced lockdown, villagers who used to work in other cities returned to the village and joined force to expand Nong San CBT. However, unlike Chulabhorn Pattana 9 case, Nong San CBT opts for a more decentralized model where each member acts as an independent micro-entrepreneur and loosely connects to provide tour packages for visitors. Therefore, the work here was about business incubation for female micro-entrepreneurs to enhance the distribution of benefits from CBT among the local people. Entrepreneurial skills, including digital marketing, were provided to interested locals.

Circularity is another theme as Pornpimon has been trying to manage waste materials from textile crafts production e.g. left-over threads and fabric scraps. Drawing inspiration from India, the initial idea was to turn textile waste into paper. Local knowledge in Thailand provides a technique for turning natural fibers into handmade paper. Yet, from the prototyping phase, cotton textile waste has proven to be more difficult to handle than other fibers. An alternative was presented as Pornpimon connected with a company working on recycled textiles. The idea is to compile textile waste from the local community, turn it into recycled fabrics, and send it back to the community as raw materials for new products. At the time of writing, the discussion is still ongoing to develop a suitable model of collaboration. This case demonstrates the power of cross-sectoral collaboration in driving CBT toward sustainability.

Sharing our experiences

    Through the working process with our partners, UNDP Accelerator Lab Thailand was able to learn about CBT development as well as share our social innovation tools with key change agents like Local Alike and relevant governmental agencies. Realizing the value of these tools in facilitating processes towards sustainability and resilience, the Lab together with Local Alike co-produced the Community-Based Tourism Social Innovation Playbook to share with others the experience of Thailand. The Playbook emphasized that social innovation process is not linear. While the tools are categorized into three groups (making sense of the past and present; looking forward to the future; and taking actions), users can always jump back and forth between each category of tools to fill the gaps of knowledge as they surface. Case studies from our work with Chulabhorn Pattana 9 and Nong San communities demonstrate this non-linear journey as well as the fact that no two communities are alike; thus, the social innovation tools must be ultilized in consideration of specific local contexts.

In addition to the publication, the Accelerator Lab Thailand will be working with the Accelerator Lab Bangladesh on CBT development in their context. Follow our next blog to see how Thailand’s experiences can be adapted and what lessons we will learn on the journey to transform tourism into a vehicle for sustainable development.

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Local community empowerment for sustainable tourism development: a case study of edelweiss park wonokitri village.

© 2023 IIETA. This article is published by IIETA and is licensed under the CC BY 4.0 license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ).

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Prior studies in sustainable tourism development have acknowledged gaps in our understanding of its various aspects—including environmental, social, and economic impacts—and the strategies for its effective implementation and long-term sustainability, particularly concerning the practical, step-by-step execution. This research aims to explore how empowering the local community can enhance tourist attractions, create memorable experiences, and increase visitor satisfaction, ultimately contributing to the sustainable development of the tourism village. Six informants were chosen based on their knowledge of the practice of sustainable tourism in Wonokitri village. The researchers considered six informants to be sufficient because they represent the key stakeholders involved in sustainable tourism practices that focus on local empowerment in Wonokitri village. The data was manually analyzed using a six-step data analysis process. This study's findings underscore that, beyond economic advantages, the local community garners social benefits through cultural preservation and environmental conservation, aligning with the goals of sustainable development. The collaborative efforts involving the government, private sector, and the engaged local community at Edelweiss Park exemplify how empowering the local community can foster tourism practices that yield comprehensive benefits for both the environment and the socio-economic well-being of the community.

sustainable tourism development, tourism village, local community empowerment

The development of tourism villages, as an integral part of destination tourism, has been prioritized by the Local Government. In fact, the Ministry of Tourism has established a dedicated website for tourism villages, offering them as an option for both international and domestic tourists. Out of approximately 75,000 villages in Indonesia, around 1,200 villages have been identified as having the potential to become tourism villages. The development of tourism villages is expected to accelerate sustainable tourism and foster economic growth in Indonesia, as stated by Kemenparekraf [1]. However, one of the challenges in the development of tourism village destinations is the limited research available on tourism village destination management. Research on tourism village destination management is crucial to enhance the management of these villages and provide better service quality.

Previous researchers in the field of sustainable tourism development [2-5] have recognized that our understanding of different aspects of sustainable tourism, including its environmental, social, and economic effects, as well as the strategies for effective implementation and long-term sustainability, still exhibits gaps, especially in terms of the practical step-by-step implementation. Addressing these unanswered questions and enhancing our understanding necessitates further research and investigation. This will enable us to develop more comprehensive and effective approaches for sustainable tourism development. By addressing this research gap, the study intends to offer valuable insights and effective strategies for managing tourism villages, promoting economic growth, and fostering sustainable tourism practices in Indonesia.

This study seeks to explore how empowering local communities can bolster tourist attractions, forge memorable experiences, and elevate visitor satisfaction—all ultimately contributing to the sustainable development of the tourism village.

Previous research on tourism villages development and management has explored various approaches and factors contributing to their success. For example, Adnyani and Purnamawati [6] focused on the management of tourism villages based on Balinese local wisdom known as Tri Hita Karana. The study discussed how operating tourism villages in harmony with nature, people, and religious values can bring benefits to the community. In another study by Purnomo et al. [7], the role of village-owned enterprises ( Badan Usaha Milik Desa/Bumdes ) was highlighted as a catalyst for rural community empowerment in tourism villages. The research emphasized the use of information communication technology to optimize the potential of tourism villages. Furthermore, Nugraha et al. [8] emphasized the significance of involving the local community in developing strategies to manage tourism villages and ensure the well-being of the local population. Their study recognized the importance of community engagement and participation in achieving positive outcomes for both the tourism industry and the local community. Collectively, these previous studies highlight the importance of incorporating local wisdom, utilizing technology, and fostering community involvement in the management and development of tourism villages, with the ultimate goal of benefiting the local community and ensuring sustainable tourism practices. Some previous studies on tourism village management share a common objective: to utilize tourism as a means of enhancing the well-being of the local community.

The research is set in Edelweiss Park located in Wonokitri village, which is situated in Tosari, Pasuruan District, East Java. Wonokitri village is easily accessible, with a one-hour car ride from Pasuruan District. It is located approximately 100 km from Surabaya city and can be reached within two and a half hours. Due to its proximity to Mount Bromo, Wonokitri village serve as the gate to enter Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park from Pasuruan District Side. Edelweiss Park that is located in Wonokitri village was initially built for Edelweiss flower conservation center. The Edelweiss flower is a well-known alpine plant that belongs to the Leontopodium genus. It is predominantly found in the high altitude in mountainous regions. The Edelweiss flower holds cultural and symbolic importance in the Tenggerese tribe as the local communities. It is used in the Tenggerese traditional ritual. The Edelweiss flower also has become the symbol of mount Bromo, leading to overharvesting and endangerment of wild populations.

2.1 Tourism village

Hardini et al. [9] described tourism villages as places where tourists engage in leisure activities to immerse themselves in the rural environment, involving a learning process to understand the local culture, values, and traditions. The aim is to use tourism as a means to improve the well-being of the rural communities and provide them with an additional source of income. Typically developed by the government or local community, tourism villages offer immersive experiences for visitors, facilitating learning about and engagement with local cultures. Puriati and Darma [10] defined tourism villages as locations that integrate attractions, accommodations, and supporting facilities within the local structure of life, combining with norms and traditions. They are a combination of tourism destination components and the local norms and traditions. In tourism villages, the community plays a central role in the planning, development, and implementation of tourism activities. They are actively involved in social activities and are empowered to utilize tourism as a tool to increase their income [10]. As the main actors in the tourism village, the local community is given the opportunity to organize and manage tourism activities, leading to empowerment and active participation.

2.2 Sustainable tourism development

The definition of sustainable tourism by the World Tourism Organization encompasses the needs of stakeholders from both the supply and demand sides, while also considering the economic, social, and environmental impacts [11]. Risfandini and Sunardi [12] mentioned that sustainable tourism can be defined as tourism that bring economic and social benefit for the local community while at the same time also promote environment preservation. However, this definition is criticized for being theoretical and often challenging to implement practically within tourism development [4]. Despite the plethora of studies conducted on sustainable tourism, the research largely remains theoretical and presents significant challenges when applied to real-world scenarios [2]. One of the most frequently referenced articles on sustainable tourism development highlights that the tools suggested by the previous researchers for promoting sustainable tourism may not be effective in practice as they fail to address the underlying problems [5]. The existing body of empirical literature extensively explores the fundamental questions surrounding sustainable tourism development. However, despite the considerable research conducted, numerous relevant questions in this field remain unanswered or unresolved [3].

2.3 Community based tourism

Community-based tourism is an approach where local communities play an active role in shaping and managing tourism ventures [13]. It's often viewed as a means to promote sustainable tourism and can contribute to a country's economic advancement [14]. Empowering local communities to take an active part in tourism not only allows them to safeguard their cultural heritage and natural resources, but also to leverage these assets for economic development and prosperity. This method emphasizes the importance of community cooperation in fostering tourism that is both sustainable and economically advantageous, thus fostering a mutually beneficial relationship between tourism and local communities.

2.4 Frameworks used in sustainable tourism

Sustainable tourism is a growing field that requires the use of frameworks to guide planning and development. Several frameworks have been proposed in the literature to address the various aspects of sustainable tourism. One framework that has been developed is the Sustainable Tourism Attitude Scale (STAS) [15]. This framework focuses on evaluating residents' attitudes toward sustainable tourism and places the residents at the center of sustainable tourism planning and development. By understanding the attitudes of residents, policymakers and stakeholders can better design and implement sustainable tourism initiatives that align with the needs and desires of the local community.

Another proposed framework in the literature employs the concept of 'quality of life' as a measure of sustainability in tourism [16]. This framework recognizes the complexity of tourism within both local and global contexts and places emphasis on responsible tourism practices. It also highlights the importance of evaluating the role of tourism as one tool, among many, for sustainability. By adopting this framework, destinations can ensure that tourism development contributes to the overall well-being and quality of life of the local community.

The A'WOT method and the TOWS matrix are utilized to formulate a strategic approach for sustainable tourism development [17]. This approach involves applying these methods in alignment with the region-specific vision statement and key sustainable tourism objectives. Through the use of this framework, destinations can strategically plan and implement sustainable tourism projects that align with their particular goals and vision.

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development calls for the establishment of globally recognized measurement indicators and policy frameworks for sustainable tourism [2]. This framework highlights the importance of standardized indicators and policies to guide sustainable tourism practices worldwide. By adopting this framework, destinations can ensure that their efforts in sustainable tourism align with global goals and contribute to the overall sustainability agenda.

Efficient governance, regulations, structures, and tools are essential for guiding the development of sustainable tourism [18]. This framework emphasizes the importance of having the right structures and mechanisms in place to support sustainable tourism initiatives. By implementing effective governance and policy frameworks, destinations can ensure that sustainable tourism is prioritized and becomes an integral part of their overall development plans.

When comparing and contrasting the various frameworks for sustainable tourism mentioned above it becomes evident that they share a common goal of promoting sustainability in tourism. They offer distinct approaches and priorities, with some frameworks, such as the Residents' Attitudes Framework (STAS) and the Quality-of-Life Framework, centering on local perspectives and the well-being of communities. In contrast, the Strategic Planning Framework (A'WOT and TOWS) takes a more operational approach, providing tools for effective planning and implementation. The Global Goals and Complexity Frameworks, on the other hand, emphasize the significance of addressing the intricate and interconnected nature of sustainable tourism on a global scale, emphasizing standardized indicators and policies. Finally, the Governance and Policy Framework underscores the role of effective governance and policy structures in prioritizing sustainable tourism and integrating it into comprehensive development plans. This research contributes to the existing body of knowledge on sustainable tourism models and frameworks by focusing on the detailed implementation of sustainable tourism, with a primary emphasis on empowering the local community.

This research adopts a qualitative approach, utilizing interviews and field observations. The study was conducted at Edelweiss Park in Wonokitri village, where stakeholders of the garden and visitors were interviewed. The interviewees included the head of the farmer group operating the Edelweiss Park, local villagers, and visitors. A total of six informants were interviewed to gather insights into the practice of sustainable tourism in Edelweiss Garden. Purposive sampling was used in this research. Six informants were chosen based on their knowledge of the practice of sustainable tourism in Wonokitri village. The informants were informed that the interviews would be recorded and transcribed for research purposes. They expressed their concerns and agreed to be interviewed. The researchers considered six informants to be sufficient because they represent the key stakeholders involved in sustainable tourism practices that focus on local empowerment in Wonokitri village. These stakeholders include the tour operator, the farmers' group representative, employees of the Edelweiss Garden, villagers, and tourists.

The researchers are posing open-ended questions to the informants regarding the inception of sustainable tourism practices in Wonokitri village, the individuals or groups involved in this movement, and the benefits it brings to the village. Additionally, the researchers are inquiring about the perspectives of tourists on this particular form of tourism. The interviews continued until sufficient information was obtained, and when similar answers were consistently given by the interviewees. All interviews were recorded and transcribed for analysis. Thematic analysis was manually conducted by the researchers, and to reduce bias, they took turns in the analysis process. The collected data was then subjected to thematic analysis following the six-step approach by Nowell et al. [19]. The six steps include: (1) Gaining an understanding of the collected data; (2) Creating initial codes; (3) Identifying themes; (4) Reviewing the themes; (5) Defining and reviewing the themes; and (6) Presenting the results in writing.

The research findings are presented in three subsections, simultaneously addressing the research question outlined at the beginning of the study.

4.1 Local community empowerment and sustainable tourism development

In recent years, efforts have been made to cultivate Edelweiss flowers to meet demand while protecting wild populations. Cultivation techniques have been developed to grow Edelweiss in controlled environments or gardens, ensuring a sustainable supply of the flower while preserving its natural beauty. The village of Wonokitri has embarked on a project to create a park dedicated to preserving the Edelweiss plantation. In 2019, the farmer group name Hulun Hyang received training from the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park on cultivating Edelweiss flowers. The initial objective of cultivating Edelweiss flowers was to both preserve the species and meet the traditional ritual requirements of the Tenggerese people, who are the indigenous inhabitants of Bromo and residents of Wonokitri village.

The initial focus of Edelweiss Park was not on tourism but rather on our concern for culture and conservation. This is because it has become widely known that Edelweiss has become a problem on many mountains in Indonesia, including Mount Bromo. Therefore, Edelweis park was initiated as an effort to address this issue and preserve the cultural and conservation aspects of Edelweiss. (Informant 4)

“In 2019, TNBTS (Taman Nasional Bromo Tengger Semeru/ Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park) provided guidance and support to the farming group, which eventually transformed them from a simple farming group into the managers of the Taman Edelweis Tourism Destination.” (Informant 1)

Indeed, the Edelweiss flower is protected by law, and it is prohibited to pick them indiscriminately. This circumstance has provided an opportunity for TNBTS to establish Taman Edelweis as a conservation-based tourist destination for Edelweiss flowers. (Informant 1)

The first issue is the unregulated picking of Edelweiss flowers by the local community, which is then sold as an economic commodity to tourists. The second issue is that when we talk about Edelweiss flowers, particularly in the context of the Tenggerese community, it is closely tied to cultural significance. (Informant 4)

The picking of Edelweiss is intricately tied to cultural aspects. Edelweiss flowers hold sacred significance for the Tenggerese community and are used as a ceremonial element in their traditional rituals and customs. They are revered and considered a symbol of cultural heritage, playing a vital role in traditional ceremonies. (Informant 4)

There is indeed a genuine concern regarding the unregulated picking of Edelweiss flowers within the boundaries of the national park, as it is not permitted by the law. If this issue is left unaddressed without any follow-up actions, it could have negative implications. It is important to enforce regulations and take appropriate measures to ensure that the Edelweiss flowers are protected, their natural habitat is preserved, and the cultural significance of these flowers is respected. (Informant 1)

Therefore, a viable solution is cultivation. In 2016, TNBTS initiated a learning program for Edelweiss cultivation from scratch. As members of the Tenggerese community who rely on Edelweiss flowers for our cultural activities, we were extremely enthusiastic about this opportunity. Cultivation provides a sustainable alternative to the indiscriminate picking of wild Edelweiss flowers, ensuring a stable supply for cultural purposes while preserving the natural population of Edelweiss in their native habitats. (Informant 4)

For the local Tenggerese community, the cultivation initiative resolves a longstanding dilemma. Previously, they faced the predicament of having to pluck Edelweiss flowers for both traditional rituals and sale to tourists, while also needing to comply with laws protecting naturally grown Edelweiss flowers, which prohibit unnecessary plucking. By cultivating Edelweiss flowers, the community can now address this dilemma effectively, ensuring a sustainable supply for traditional rituals while respecting the legal protection of naturally occurring Edelweiss flowers.

Edelweiss Park which was initially developed for conservation center was slowly converted to become a tourist attraction. From the Government assistance and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) from one of the Banks in Indonesia, Edelweis Garden now has a café where visitor can enjoy a panoramic view of the garden with Mount Bromo as a stunning backdrop. Visitors have the opportunity to admire the beautiful scenery while having meals and drinks at the on-site café. Additionally, the management has created attractive spots within the Edelweiss Garden for visitors to capture memorable photographs. To enhance the experience, the cafe also offers souvenirs crafted from Edelweiss flowers, involving the local community to create the souvenirs. This combination of natural beauty, culinary delights, and unique souvenirs aims to provide a comprehensive and enjoyable experience for visitors to Wonokitri village. Empowering local and encouraging local to participate in tourism village management will boost tourism village development.

“The most impressive thing about Edelweiss Park is that it truly embraces sustainable tourism. Therefore, when recruiting employees, they only consider local residents who have a good understanding of the area and have strong family ties within the rural community. Their approach to sustainable tourism goes beyond economic considerations and actively involves the local community.” (Informant 2)

“In general, Edelweiss Park has had an impact on the Wonokitri community by contributing to the village's local revenue. We allocate 10 percent of the voucher value as a contribution to the Village Original Income (Pendapatan Asli Desa) for Wonokitri village. This has directly benefited the residents by easing their financial burden in terms of village contributions. ” (Informant 1)

“It is clear that Taman Edelweis has provided significant economic support, even indirectly, to a group consisting of approximately 30 individuals. This impact also extends to street vendors and souvenir sellers, who benefit greatly from the presence of Taman Edelweis. While you may not be an official member of Edelweis, you have still benefited from Taman Edelweis.” (Informant 3)

“In fact, we use Taman Edelweis as a central cultivation site and a place where the community can freely access resources needed for traditional customs and practices. We provide these resources for free at Taman Edelweis to fulfill the community's needs in this regard.” (Informant 4)

4.1.1 Government involvement

Government involvement has been crucial in protecting the Edelweiss flower by law, paving the way for Edelweiss Park to become a responsible and sustainable tourism destination. The initiation of Edelweiss cultivation in 2016 by TNBTS, with support and guidance from the government, has empowered the local Tenggerese community members and provided them with the knowledge and skills to cultivate Edelweiss flowers successfully. This initiative not only met the demand for Edelweiss flowers in cultural activities but also contributed to conservation efforts and sustainable practices. The transformation of a farming group into managers of Taman Edelweis Tourism Destination, with guidance and support from TNBTS, marked a significant milestone, enabling the group to take responsibility for the overall management and development of the Edelweiss Park as a tourist attraction. The Ministry of Village, Disadvantaged Regions, and Transmigration's addition of new spots to the park in 2019 demonstrates a continuous effort to enhance the visitor experience and expand the offerings of Edelweiss Park, making it a memorable and enjoyable destination for tourists.

“Indeed, the Edelweiss flower is protected by law and should not be picked indiscriminately. This aspect has provided an opportunity for Taman Edelweis to establish itself as a conservation-based tourist destination for Edelweiss flowers. By promoting responsible and sustainable tourism practices, Taman Edelweis can contribute to the preservation and conservation of Edelweiss flowers in accordance with the law.” (Informant 2)

“Hence, the need for a solution arose, which led to the initiation of Edelweiss cultivation in 2016 by TNBTS. As Tenggerese community members with a strong cultural connection to Edelweiss flowers, we were extremely enthusiastic about this opportunity. We started from scratch, learning about Edelweiss cultivation and techniques. This initiative has allowed us to meet the demand for Edelweiss flowers within our cultural activities while promoting sustainable practices and conservation efforts. ” (Informant 4)

“From late 2016 to 2018, we, along with several others, were able to master the techniques of Edelweiss cultivation. As a result, in 2018, we were initiated to form a farming group dedicated to cultivating Edelweiss flowers. This initiative allowed us to consolidate our knowledge and skills, collaborate effectively, and work towards the shared goal of successful Edelweiss cultivation.” (Informant 4)

“In 2019, TNBTS provided guidance and support to the farming group, which eventually transformed them from a simple farming group into the managers of the Taman Edelweis Tourism Destination. This step marked a significant milestone, as the group expanded their role to not only focus on cultivation but also take responsibility for the overall management and development of the Edelweiss Park as a tourist attraction. ” (Informant 1)

“Afterwards, last year, the Ministry of Village, Disadvantaged Regions, and Transmigration (Kemendes) made an addition to the park by introducing new spots. This development aimed to enhance the visitor experience and provide more attractions within Taman Edelweis. The introduction of new spots reflects a continuous effort to improve and expand the offerings of the park, ensuring that visitors have a memorable and enjoyable experience.” (Informant 1)

“In Edelweis Park, there are facilities available for visitors, including homestays and accommodations. If visitors wish to stay overnight, there are homestays available with excellent standards. Fifteen houses have received assistance from the Ministry of Public Works and Housing (Kementerian PUPR) to ensure they meet international standards and are environmentally friendly. The prices are budget-friendly while still maintaining international standards, providing visitors with a comfortable and enjoyable stay. ” (Informant 1)

4.1.2 CSR from private sector

The success and sustainable development of Edelweiss Park as a conservation-based tourist destination for Edelweiss flowers are attributed to various factors, including significant government involvement, CSR initiatives from the private sector, and active community engagement. The support from private sectors, particularly the generous contributions from Bank Indonesia Malang as part of their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) program, played a crucial role in providing facilities and resources to enhance the tourist experience at Taman Edelweis and benefiting the Wonokitri village as a whole.

We have been provided with facilities and infrastructure to support tourism by one of the Banks in Malang. This support enables us to enhance the facilities and services offered to tourists visiting Taman Edelweis. With these additional resources, we can provide a better experience for visitors, ensuring their needs and expectations are met during their visit to Taman Edelweis. (Informant 4)

Following that, Bank Indonesia Malang recognized the potential of Taman Edelweis and the Wonokitri village. As part of their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) program, they generously donated buildings and provided training sessions to support the development of the area. These contributions and training opportunities from Bank Indonesia Malang have been instrumental in further enhancing the capabilities and resources of Taman Edelweis and benefiting the Wonokitri village as a whole. (Informant 1)

4.1.3 Community engagement

Community engagement has been instrumental in the success of Taman Edelweis. The positive impact extends to the surrounding community, where residents have opened food stalls near the park, leading to increased income. Additionally, the availability of free Edelweiss flowers from the park for ceremonial purposes and free seedlings for community members interested in growing Edelweiss flowers further strengthens the bond between the park and the local community. Economically, the presence of Taman Edelweis has created business opportunities, such as food stalls and parking facilities, benefiting community members. Moreover, Village Original Income ( Pendapatan Asli Daerah/PAD ) contributions from the park's management have been distributed to the village, supporting its overall development.

" All members of our group and our employees are indirectly experiencing the impact themselves as residents of Wonokitri village. Some residents in the surrounding area have opened food stalls near the park, which has increased their income. The parking area, in collaboration with Edelweiss Park, has also had an impact ." (Informant 1)

 “The busiest days at Taman Edelweis are usually during the weekends, with an average income of IDR 500,000 from parking only. On regular weekdays, it can be significantly quieter, with the lowest recorded income being IDR 28,000 per day. As for the payment process, I deposit the earnings through the group.” (Informant 3)

“The first benefit for the surrounding community is derived from the Edelweiss flowers themselves. As the managers of Taman Edelweis, we allow community members with ceremonial needs to freely obtain Edelweiss flowers from the park for their ritual purposes. Additionally, if individuals in the community wish to grow Edelweiss flowers, we provide free seedlings for that purpose.” (Informant 4)

“From an economic perspective, the presence of Taman Edelweis has created opportunities for businesses such as food stalls and parking facilities. Additionally, for community members who are not directly involved in these activities, we have provided Village Original Income (PAD) contributions to the village. The management and distribution of these contributions to the general public will be determined by the village authorities.” (Informant 4)

4.2 Lesson learned from Edelweiss Park for sustainable tourism development and management

Based on the Edelweiss Park case study, the step-by-step process for realizing sustainable tourism development in a village setting is as follows:

• Bottom-Up Paradox Findings in Local Community: Start by identifying the challenges and issues that the community faces concerning tourism development.
• Defining the Right Questions with Local Community: Engage the local community in identifying solutions to the identified problems, as their insights and involvement are crucial for effective problem-solving.
• Follow-up Engagement with Larger Stakeholders: Foster collaboration with government, private sectors, and local communities to ensure a comprehensive and inclusive approach to tourism development.
• Setting up Priorities: Place a strong emphasis on preserving the environment and adopting sustainable practices throughout the development process.
• Validating Minimum Solutions with Visitors: Emphasize the creation of memorable and enjoyable experiences for tourists, enhancing their satisfaction and encouraging repeat visit.
• Promote sustainable tourism development: Implement strategies that promote environmental, social, and economic sustainability, ensuring the long-term viability of the destination.

Figure 1. Sequential process to achieve sustainable tourism destination

The case study of Edelweiss Park demonstrates the successful implementation of these steps, showcasing how a village setting can achieve sustainable tourism development by incorporating environmental conservation, community engagement, and responsible tourism practices. This study aligns with the research conducted by Choi and Sirakaya [15] and Moscardo and Murphy [16], which emphasize the significance of prioritizing local residents in the planning and development of sustainable tourism policies. Furthermore, they stress that tourism should contribute to the overall well-being of the local communities.

By following this step-by-step approach mentioned in Figure 1, other destinations can learn from this model and work towards achieving their own sustainable tourism goals. This case study provides a response to the criticism surrounding the concept of sustainable tourism development and the suggested tools by previous researchers [3, 5].

This model illustrates a sequential process to achieve a sustainable tourism destination. It emphasizes the importance of balancing environmental preservation, engaging the local community, and collaborating with all stakeholders to create a destination that meets the needs of tourists while fostering sustainable development practices. This study reinforces previous research by Palacios-Florencio et al. [20] which advocated prioritizing environmental preservation, cultural conservation, and long-term economic benefits in decision-making processes.

In line with the research objective, the example of Edelweiss Park in Wonokitri village demonstrates the positive outcomes of empowering the local community in sustainable tourism. The park not only enhances tourist attractions but also creates memorable experiences for visitors, leading to increased satisfaction. Beyond economic gains, the local community reaps social benefits through cultural preservation and environmental conservation, which align with the goals of sustainable development. The collaborative efforts involving the government, private sector, and the engaged local community at Edelweiss Park exemplify how empowering the local community can foster tourism practices that yield comprehensive benefits for both the environment and the socio-economic well-being of the community.

This study is limited in scope as it exclusively examines sustainable practices in a single village. Consequently, there is a need for additional research encompassing a broader geographical area. Further investigations in different settings should apply the sequential process employed in this research to assess the model's validity.

Some actionable recommendations to implement sustainable tourism based on this case study include:

• Conduct Thorough Issue Analysis: Begin by conducting a comprehensive analysis of the challenges and concerns affecting the local community and the environment. This should involve rigorous research and data collection to understand the root causes of these issues.
• Engage a Multidisciplinary Stakeholder Group: Involve a diverse group of stakeholders, including community members, environmental experts, and tourism professionals. Collaborative efforts bring different perspectives and expertise to the table, ensuring a holistic understanding of the problems.
• Develop Viable Solutions: Once the issues are identified, work on formulating practical and sustainable solutions. These solutions should not only address the problems but also take into account the long-term well-being of the community and the environment.
• Transform Solutions into Tourist Attractions: Showcase the positive changes and sustainable practices through the development of tourist attractions. This might involve creating eco-friendly accommodations, cultural preservation projects, or conservation initiatives that become integral parts of the tourism experience.
• Promote Sustainable Tourism Practices: Implement marketing strategies that promote the destination as a hub for sustainable tourism. Emphasize the unique attractions and initiatives that highlight the commitment to sustainability.
• Measure and Communicate Impact: Continuously monitor and measure the impact of these sustainable practices on the community and the environment. Use this data to communicate the positive changes to both residents and visitors, reinforcing the destination's commitment to sustainability.
• Educate Tourists: Develop educational materials and programs for tourists to raise awareness about the destination's sustainable initiatives. Encourage responsible and sustainable travel practices among visitors.
• Evaluate and Adapt: Regularly assess the effectiveness of the implemented solutions and tourist attractions. Be open to adjustments and improvements based on feedback and changing circumstances.

By following these recommendations, destinations can effectively implement sustainable tourism practices that benefit the community, the environment, and attract responsible tourists. This approach transforms sustainable tourism from a theoretical concept into a practical and tangible reality that has positive impacts on all stakeholders involved.

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Women’s Empowerment in a Community-Based Tourism Project: A Case Study from the ‘Spice Islands’ of North Maluku, Indonesia

• First Online: 01 August 2023

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• Roswita M. Aboe 4 ,
• Harriot Beazley 5 ,
• Price Livingstone 5 ,
• Michelle Prasad 5 ,
• William Ramsay 6 ,
• Kris Syamsudin 5 &
• R. W. Carter 7  

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in Environmental Sustainability ((PASTENSU))

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This chapter focuses on the remarkable and sustained success of one CBT initiative in Ternate, Indonesia: the Cengkeh Afo and Gamalama Spices (CAGS) project. In this chapter, we describe how participatory workshops and interviews with village stakeholders and external supporters of the CAGS project revealed enhanced cultural pride of those involved in the project, as well as a rise in status of women within the village. The case study also recorded considerable economic benefits to those involved in the project, and to the wider Ternate community. We conclude that the CAGS project has the potential to preserve a cultural heritage inherited over multiple generations, in the form of traditional food systems, and to provide household income for community members, particularly for women, the youth, the elderly and the disabled. The project is also increasing local and international awareness of the benefits of indigenous knowledge for sustainable development. Such an awareness can improve the everyday lives of households in rural areas across the nation and the well-being of people across the globe.

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Acknowledgements

This project was made possible by the Australian Government’s Australia Awards Short Course programme and the Endeavour Leadership Program through short-term mobility grants for students enrolled in the Master of International Development at the University of the Sunshine Coast (UniSC). We would like to thank the Governor of North Maluku, Abdul Ghani Kasuba, and the Mayor of Ternate Burhan Abdurrahman for their support of our visit to Ternate. We are also very grateful to the Rector of Khairun University Professor Husen Alting for their support of UniSC staff and students, especially for organising Khairun University student facilitators, and for providing transport, advice and support while in Ternate. A special thanks is extended to the Khairun University student facilitators and translators during the workshops and interviews: Riecko Salam, Surya Jumsar, Indra Ohorella and Ririn Fahmi. Last but not least we offer special thanks to the CAGS community for allowing UniSC staff and students to visit their unique part of the world, and for participating in the activities.

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Aboe, R.M. et al. (2023). Women’s Empowerment in a Community-Based Tourism Project: A Case Study from the ‘Spice Islands’ of North Maluku, Indonesia. In: Baldwin, C., van Bommel, S. (eds) Rural Development for Sustainable Social-ecological Systems. Palgrave Studies in Environmental Sustainability. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34225-7_13

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Community-Based Tourism in the Developing World

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This book analyses community-based approaches to developing and regenerating tourism destinations in the developing world, addressing this central issue in sustainable tourism practices.

It reviews a variety of systems useful for analysing and understanding management issues to offer new insight into the skills and resources that are needed for implementation, ongoing monitoring and review of community-based tourism. Adopting a multidisciplinary approach, this book explores alternatives to the dominant interpretation which argues against tourism as a benefit for community development. International case studies throughout the book illustrate and vouch for tourism as a transformative force while clarifying the need to manage expectations in sustainable tourism for community development, rejuvenation and regeneration. Emphasis is placed on accruing relevant decision-support material, and creating services, products and management approaches that will endure and adapt as change necessitates.

This will be of great interest to upper-level students, researchers and academics in the fields of tourism impacts, sustainability, ethics and development as well as the broader field of geography.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1 | 9  pages, principles and practices, chapter 2 | 17  pages, a benchmarked step by step community-based tourism (cbt) toolkit for developing countries, chapter 3 | 10  pages, systems approach to community-based tourism, chapter 4 | 17  pages, a responsible cbt approach, chapter 5 | 13  pages, community-based festivals in the context of community-based tourism, chapter 6 | 14  pages, rethinking tourism in belarus, chapter 7 | 17  pages, the importance of information and communication technology for dissemination, commercialization and local protagonism in community-based tourism initiatives, chapter 8 | 15  pages, community-based tourism, chapter 9 | 12  pages, ‘meet the locals’, chapter 10 | 16  pages, reviewing the background to success in communities developing tourism, chapter 11 | 11  pages, chapter 12 | 14  pages, chapter 13 | 10  pages, community-based tourism – the kiwi variation, chapter 14 | 18  pages, community-based tourism engagement and wellbeing from a learning perspective, chapter 15 | 21  pages, systems, stakeholders, storytelling.

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Community-based tourism in developing countries: a case study.

• T. López-Guzmán , S. Sánchez-Cañizares , V. Pavón
• Published 2011
• Sociology, Geography, Environmental Science

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Community-Based Tourism in Cape Verde - A Case Study

Tourism & Hospitality Management, Vol. 17, No. 1, 2011

10 Pages Posted: 19 May 2012

Tomas Lopez-Guzman

Faculty of Labour Sciences

Osvaldo Borges

Jean Piaget University of Cape Verde - Unidad de Ciencias Economicas y Empresariales

Ana Castillo-Canalejo

Universidad Nacional de Córdoba

Date Written: April 8, 2011

Community-based tourism is taking its place in the world as an alternative to traditional tourist destinations, especially in developing countries. This form of tourism allows for greater contact with the local community and for the tourist to experience new sensations while enabling the economic and social development of the geographic area. In this paper, the results of fieldwork carried out in the island of Fogo (Cape Verde) are presented, assessing the opinion and perception tourists visiting this island have of both the quality of the services offered by community-based tourism enterprises, as well as the potential of the tourism resources in the area. The main results of the investigation endorse the quality of services offered to tourists by local businesses and highlight the hospitality of the local community, a key element for the development of this kind of tourism, particularly in different african countries. Similarly, it highlights the passenger satisfaction with services received and the need to strengthen the training to tourism staff through aid, for example, international cooperation, NGOs and universities. The originality of this research comes from analysis of the demand made on a concrete island of Cape Verde, a country which is producing a huge economic development through the tourism sector.

Keywords: Community-Based Tourism, Economic Development, International Cooperation, Isle of Fogo, Cape Verde

JEL Classification: L83

Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation

Tomas Lopez-Guzman (Contact Author)

Faculty of labour sciences ( email ).

C/ Adarve, 30 Cordoba, 14071 Spain

Jean Piaget University of Cape Verde - Unidad de Ciencias Economicas y Empresariales ( email )

Caixa Postal 775 Praia Cape Verde

Universidad Nacional de Córdoba ( email )

Av. Haya de la Tore s/n Pabellon Argentina Cordoba, 14071 Spain

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Towards the wall or the bridge a case study of host–guest symbiosis in a chinese heritage tourism site.

1. Introduction

2. literature review, 2.1. what is going on inside heritage tourist destinations as a symbiotic system, 2.2. who plays the role host–guest interaction in heritage tourism destinations, 2.3. how does symbiosis proceed a symbiosis framework for heritage tourist destinations based on host–guest interactions, 3. hypotheses development, 3.1. emotional solidarity and the sense of community belonging, 3.2. the sense of community belonging and willingness to participate in tourism, 4. materials and methods, 4.1. study area, 4.2. data sources and methodology, 4.2.1. stage i qualitative, 4.2.2. stage ii quantitative, 5.1. stage i, 5.1.1. identity qualification.

Every household starts stocking up on fish and ingredients to make crispy fish after 1 October, with too much work to do to prepare it for sale at the end of the year. (V02)

While ancient cities exist worldwide, Guangfu is the only one combining the water culture and Tai Chi culture. There are many young and older people playing Tai Chi at 5 o’clock, Foreigners also learn to play Tai Chi ( Figure 5 ). (V01)

Click here to enlarge figure

We don’t do the specialties such as crispy fish, as there are too many people doing it, and the competition is fierce. (V11)

5.1.2. Bodily Co-Presence

• From 6 a.m. to 8 a.m., most of the shops on the main commercial streets are not open for business, with almost no interaction between residents and tourists, presenting an ordinary scene of Guangfu;
• From 4 p.m. to 6 p.m., a number of tourists and residents go out for activities, and it is the peak period for great interaction between residents and tourists.
• After 8 p.m., residents start to rest and are less active. Most tourists are day-trippers and rarely stay overnight, so residents and tourists seldom have interactions.

5.1.3. Common Focus

5.2. stage ii, 5.2.1. sample description, 5.2.2. reliability test and cfa, 5.2.3. the results of hypothesis testing, 6. discussion, 6.1. theoretical implications, 6.2. practical implications, 7. conclusions, author contributions, data availability statement, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.

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Share and Cite

Tao, H.; Chen, X.; Sun, Y.; Wang, Z. Towards the Wall or the Bridge? A Case Study of Host–Guest Symbiosis in a Chinese Heritage Tourism Site. Land 2024 , 13 , 1315. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13081315

Tao H, Chen X, Sun Y, Wang Z. Towards the Wall or the Bridge? A Case Study of Host–Guest Symbiosis in a Chinese Heritage Tourism Site. Land . 2024; 13(8):1315. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13081315

Tao, Hui, Xiaoying Chen, Yehong Sun, and Zhe Wang. 2024. "Towards the Wall or the Bridge? A Case Study of Host–Guest Symbiosis in a Chinese Heritage Tourism Site" Land 13, no. 8: 1315. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13081315

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Community Based Tourism Development (A Case Study of Sikkim).pdf

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Pempa Bhutia

ANJAN CHAKRABARTI

Dr. PRAVEEN RIZAL

Women empowerment is one major issue of todays. Various International organisations, and governments, are engaged for empowering women, economically, socially, and politically. United Nation World Travel Organisation implemented an action plan for empowering women through tourism. As far as Sikkim state is concern, tourism is one of the main sector in the state and contributing in income and employment to people. In this context, the present study examines the contributions of tourism in women’s empowerment in Sikkim. The study is based on secondary data. A statistical test shows there is difference in participation of male and female work-force in tourism in the state. Out of the total workforce in tourism, only 30 percent of the workforce is female, which it is less than that of the average female workforce of the state (34 percent). Further, there is wide scope for the women’ empowerment through tourism in Sikkim. The steps should be taken by the government, banks, NGO’s, Self-Help groups, and so on to encourage and facilitate women in tourism related activities.

Suraj Suwal

nor shahadah

Maximiliano E. Korstanje

Devkant Kala

SSRN Electronic Journal

ravish mathew

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Community Based Ecotourism Development as a Viable Strategy for Sustainable Natural Resource Management: Opportunities and Challenges. The Case of Borena-Saynt Park: South Wollo, Ethiopia.

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